Behav Brain Sci February 2001 PMID 11515286

The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity.

N Cowan

Mentions

69
Peak: 4 in Mar 2022
across 5 sources since Oct 2019

Extended reach

315,197
potential audience

Total likes

216

Video views

2,282

Mentions per month

Oct 2019 – Aug 2025

Where it's discussed

  • X / Twitter34 posts
  • News22 articles
  • Blogs9 articles
  • YouTube3 videos
  • Bluesky1 posts

AI synopsis

What people are saying

Several discussions emphasize the small capacity of short-term memory, with participants referencing key studies such as Cowan (2001) and descriptions of the 'magical number 4'. The tone varies from technical and analytical to casual curiosity, with words like 'reconsideration' and 'surprisingly small' underscoring the significance of the research. These discussions reflect both respect for the data and interest in its implications for understanding human cognition.

AgreementStrong agreement

Most discussions support the idea that short-term memory capacity is limited to around four items, as reflected in phrases like 'reconsideration of mental storage capacity' and references to the 'magical number 4'.

InterestHigh interest

Participants demonstrate high curiosity, referencing historical studies from the 1950s and 2000s, and showing enthusiasm for revisiting established theories.

EngagementHigh engagement

Many discussions include technical details, citations, and comparisons between numbers like 4 and 7, indicating deep engagement with the research methods and implications.

ImpactModerate impact

While some see this reconsideration as potentially influential in cognitive science, the general tone suggests the findings may reinforce existing beliefs rather than radically shifting understanding.

Abstract in brief

  • The article revisits the idea that short-term memory (STM) can hold about four chunks of information, suggesting that this smaller capacity limit is more accurate than the commonly cited seven chunks, and outlines the specific conditions under which this limit can be observed.
  • It explains that this capacity limit is influenced by factors like information overload and experiment design, which prevent grouping items into larger chunks or using long-term memory to aid recall, and emphasizes that this limit is distinct from other memory processes that are not capacity-restricted.
  • The research proposes that a central focus of attention in STM consistently involves roughly four chunks, highlighting this as a fundamental capacity limit and discussing reasons why estimates of this limit are generally consistent across different studies.

Top posts

Most liked on X and Bluesky
Dean Burnett (@garwboy everywhere else too)
@garwboy · X

First and foremost, our short term memory has a surprisingly small capacity. We can usually only retain 4 'things' in our head at any one time. And if something new enters it, something else gets jettisoned to allow room for it. https://t.co/y5AAI2jgLs /2

Feb 17, 2022 · 25 likes · 2 shares · 38,693 followers View post →
ししまる
@shishimaru1970 · X

言葉や手順などを覚えるのにチャンク(作業記憶の情報量や塊)をネルソン・コーワン氏のマジカルナンバー4±1やジョージ・ミラー氏の7±2が参照点になると考える。 ibid. Nelson Cowan (2001), The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity

Mar 20, 2024 · 16 likes · 3,279 followers View post →
蔭山晶久|AKIKA|        Akihisa Kageyama Architects
@akika-ltd.bsky.social · Bluesky

その後の研究で、現在は、マジカルナンバーは”4±1個”といわれています。(下記論文参照、2001年) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity | Behavioral and Brain Sciences | Cambridge Core この40年の間に、最大6桁も違うとは、、、ストーリー性を持って記憶できる場合ならば7±2個、ランダムで意味付けが行えない場合は4±1個と考えたほうがしっくりとします。

Oct 24, 2024 · 14 likes · 1 share View post →
Dr.わん
@Radius_Tranexus · X

@tasorito 面白い 下の論文を読むと”ゆり”でよいのだろう しかし小1で既に先生の答えに納得しないこの息子さんは将来有望な子では? 普通”こんなもんか”とか思っちゃいそう “The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity” (Behav Brain Sci 2001;24(1):87-114.)

Oct 2, 2024 · 9 likes · 1,098 followers View post →
ししまる
@shishimaru1970 · X

The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity https://t.co/nH0HFJIMn0 より

Mar 4, 2022 · 8 likes · 3,279 followers View post →
Henry Shevlin is in New York 4-6th November
@dioscuri · X

@prerationalist It’s been revised down to 4 ± 1! Also note growing popularity of variable encoding models of WM that push back against the idea of discrete “slots”. https://t.co/qCjrLUFpbM

Mar 1, 2023 · 5 likes · 1 share · 11,233 followers View post →

All mentions

jessald
@jessald · X

So apparently the magical number 7 is now the magical number 4. https://t.co/EjuVe8Ch3x https://t.co/rIVZRs7naE

Aug 20, 2025 · 1 like · 1,366 followers View post →
guhu
@Guhu95 · X

[1] - https://t.co/InAgWRIUVz

May 9, 2025 · 1 like · 1,044 followers View post →
蔭山晶久|AKIKA|        Akihisa Kageyama Architects
@akika-ltd.bsky.social · Bluesky

その後の研究で、現在は、マジカルナンバーは”4±1個”といわれています。(下記論文参照、2001年) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity | Behavioral and Brain Sciences | Cambridge Core この40年の間に、最大6桁も違うとは、、、ストーリー性を持って記憶できる場合ならば7±2個、ランダムで意味付けが行えない場合は4±1個と考えたほうがしっくりとします。

Oct 24, 2024 · 14 likes · 1 share View post →
Dr.わん
@Radius_Tranexus · X

@tasorito 面白い 下の論文を読むと”ゆり”でよいのだろう しかし小1で既に先生の答えに納得しないこの息子さんは将来有望な子では? 普通”こんなもんか”とか思っちゃいそう “The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity” (Behav Brain Sci 2001;24(1):87-114.)

Oct 2, 2024 · 9 likes · 1,098 followers View post →
Rich Watkins
@Letsgorich · X

@TBagsMusings @visakanv Yes! Millar back in the 50s but I got my number wrong. This is the follow on that reviewed all the literature and landed on 3-5 as a limit https://t.co/HV1zp6dN7X

Sep 19, 2024 · 2 likes · 1,003 followers View post →
金剛石
@Golden_ratio_S · X

@Maguro_Maznaga 人間の短期記憶は一度に3~5個のものしか覚えられない、という論文があります。 https://t.co/X1pAfFABEo その3~5個で何の情報を覚えるかにもよりますが、普段生活してる中で、その短期記憶リソースをどのくらいゲームに割けるでしょうかね?

Aug 20, 2024 · 137 followers View post →
Agostinho Serrano
@EducatingwithAI · X

@aidan_mclau Actually, something between 4 (Cowan, 2001) and 7 +/- 2 (Miller, 1956). 4 for real retrieval and processing, 9 if we do adopt something like a context window in current LLMs. Sources: https://t.co/zW2PyX7E7A https://t.co/WYmBovJwam

Jul 4, 2024 · 2 likes · 387 followers View post →
ノロワレ
@cursed_steven · X

ただ、その後2001年に3〜5とする説がでている。 https://t.co/dG5sDZSvb6

May 29, 2024 · 841 followers View post →
ししまる
@shishimaru1970 · X

言葉や手順などを覚えるのにチャンク(作業記憶の情報量や塊)をネルソン・コーワン氏のマジカルナンバー4±1やジョージ・ミラー氏の7±2が参照点になると考える。 ibid. Nelson Cowan (2001), The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity

Mar 20, 2024 · 16 likes · 3,279 followers View post →
Distending the grammatical Overton window
@brettrey3 · X

@BernardJBaars Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(4), 87–186. https://t.co/iEm2Za61Wi

Mar 8, 2024 · 378 followers View post →
Madhuri ✳︎
@Iruhdam24 · X

Baddeley conducted a long series of studies on human memory and information processing. Others, including Nelson Cowan, followed in his footsteps. Read more about it here: https://t.co/WkfRMelyfP

Sep 19, 2023 · 7,218 followers View post →
たねのぶ
@mtane0412 · X

@HayaZumi よくマジックナンバー7と言われてるけど実際は4だよね~という話になっています https://t.co/jOC984VDhT

Sep 12, 2023 · 1,347 followers View post →
Michael Drogalis
@MichaelDrogalis · X

For more, I write a weekly newsletter (https://t.co/sNQuUSImLy) Here's the memory paper: (https://t.co/ni1BmaK4dy) The Jonah Berger quote is from Contagious (https://t.co/4uEitaZpOG) The Jeff Bezos quote is from the 2009 Amazon shareholder letter (https://t.co/o6zbe9nHLD)

Sep 2, 2023 · 1 like · 2,692 followers View post →
Ant Stanley
@IamStan · X

RT @garwboy: First and foremost, our short term memory has a surprisingly small capacity. We can usually only retain 4 'things' in our head…

May 30, 2023 · 2 shares · 4,218 followers View post →
Simon Späti
@sspaeti · X

@bitNomad @DanielSchimpke 2/ Plus the cognition overhead to store more than 4 in short-term memory is real (https://t.co/LfOZbDTr6W) and to me is the biggest advantage (low number of folders, very few levels). Before I had easily 10+ nested folders, today I have 2-3.

Apr 20, 2023 · 4,634 followers View post →
actual hog
@actualhog · X

RT @dioscuri: @prerationalist It’s been revised down to 4 ± 1! Also note growing popularity of variable encoding models of WM that push bac…

Mar 1, 2023 · 1 share · 840 followers View post →
Henry Shevlin is in New York 4-6th November
@dioscuri · X

@prerationalist It’s been revised down to 4 ± 1! Also note growing popularity of variable encoding models of WM that push back against the idea of discrete “slots”. https://t.co/qCjrLUFpbM

Mar 1, 2023 · 5 likes · 1 share · 11,233 followers View post →
fusion
@__fusion · X

関連して、magical number 7 じゃないのかよw The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity https://t.co/xyAFzDSp4u

Dec 10, 2022 · 1 like · 2,427 followers View post →
Nelson Cowan
@NelsonCowan1 · X

@ceptional @STWorg @AndrewRAConway and https://t.co/maSL4VXLvd

Jun 22, 2022 · 2 likes · 1,340 followers View post →
Ethan
@inclushe · X

@PanossaYT @ncasenmare I'm a little late to the party but here it is: https://t.co/76e7H3ByDt

May 14, 2022 · 1 like · 81 followers View post →
金剛石
@Golden_ratio_S · X

@rinkuzu24 そんなことはない。論文にも「人間の短期記憶は一度に3~5個のことしか覚えられない。」と書かれている。その3~5個で何の情報を覚えるかにもよるが、普段生活してる中で、その短期記憶リソースをどのくらいゲームに割けるかって話でな。 https://t.co/X1pAfFB9tW

Apr 21, 2022 · 137 followers View post →
wint
@wint7 · X

https://t.co/Z4PdywQsAd

Mar 24, 2022 · 1,762 followers View post →
wint
@wint7 · X

Cowan, Nelson. "The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity." Behavioral and brain sciences, 24.1 (2001): 87-114.

Mar 24, 2022 · 1,762 followers View post →
Tiago Forte
@fortelabs · X

@vgr I’d forgotten it but I have some notes on the Wikipedia article Due to atrophy from second brain dependence I think my memory buffer has declined to 4 though: https://t.co/Bz8ovUlUdx

Mar 24, 2022 · 1 like · 147,531 followers View post →
ししまる
@shishimaru1970 · X

The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity https://t.co/nH0HFJIMn0 より

Mar 4, 2022 · 8 likes · 3,279 followers View post →
asimah
@asimahNShah · X

RT @garwboy: First and foremost, our short term memory has a surprisingly small capacity. We can usually only retain 4 'things' in our head…

Feb 17, 2022 · 2 shares · 279 followers View post →
Dean Burnett (@garwboy everywhere else too)
@garwboy · X

First and foremost, our short term memory has a surprisingly small capacity. We can usually only retain 4 'things' in our head at any one time. And if something new enters it, something else gets jettisoned to allow room for it. https://t.co/y5AAI2jgLs /2

Feb 17, 2022 · 25 likes · 2 shares · 38,693 followers View post →
yasunoxx▼Julia/h+JP
@noisequeen · X

ワーキングメモリに関していえば、平均的なヒトで、せいぜい4バイトである(Cowan, 2001)。 Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87-185

Feb 13, 2022 · 2,109 followers View post →
Nayef Al-Rodhan
@SustainHistory · X

The magical number 4 in #short #term #memory: A reconsideration of #mental #storage capacity https://t.co/R5Cjzjwbgo

Sep 29, 2021 · 4 likes · 1 share · 52,585 followers View post →
mtmt
@mtmt0_0tmtm · X

人間の脳は3から4の物事しかいっぺんに考えられない。 エビデンスを踏まえてのお願いだが コーディングしてるときは限界ギリギリなので話しかけないで欲しいw https://t.co/7DN4Lnav4W

Aug 8, 2021 · 4 followers View post →
Jordan James Etem
@JordanJamesEtem · X

Cowan, N. (2001). The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87–185. #True #Allyship https://t.co/a5w22uR8Nb

Jul 9, 2021 · 12,648 followers View post →
かにかま@脂肪肝
@ka2_kamaboko · X

人が一度に短期記憶に留めておける数、いわゆる「マジカルナンバー」は、現在ではコーワン教授のいう4±1が定説のようですね。 でも個人的には2±1かなぁという気がしている。4はしんどい。 https://t.co/dmDAzksu9v

Jan 26, 2021 · 554 followers View post →
Umberto León Domínguez
@umbertoleon · X

Referencia Miller: https://t.co/1vhUXdnumH Referencia Cowan: https://t.co/LFnea7wYCv

Dec 17, 2020 · 3 likes · 5,530 followers View post →
Joseph Potvin
@jrpotvin · X

@mengwong @berndruecker @matti_sg @DMerigoux @RoundTableLaw @craigaatkinson @mattwadd @mireillemoret @laurence_diver @robholmesnz @Tom_Bcgh @ColinGavaghan @nullary @lilianedwards @lawgeeknz @piacandrews @nardwebster @scott_pm @mchardcastle @TimdeSousa @BR3NDA @tjharrop @gthurstonnz @BlawxAI @Camunda RE: "Xalgo's preferences appear to be (ternary) Booleans in the cells" That might be inadvertent bias due to my being on the low end of mental storage capacity https://t.co/aqBWYqLjDX

May 29, 2020 · 121 followers View post →
レモンティー
@seal6142 · X

@_9km https://t.co/Q9fLEWV5EJ これかな?

Oct 28, 2019 · 340 followers View post →