Coffee, including caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

Abstract in brief

• This systematic review and meta-analysis found that drinking more coffee, whether caffeinated or decaffeinated, is associated with a lower risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially with an additional two cups daily reducing the risk by about 35%.
• The inverse relationship between coffee intake and HCC risk was consistent across different groups, regardless of liver disease stage, alcohol consumption, body weight, diabetes, smoking, or hepatitis infections, but the evidence quality was rated as very low due to lack of randomized trials and possible publication bias.
• Overall, increased coffee consumption appears to be linked to a reduced risk of HCC, but the findings should be interpreted with caution because of limitations in research quality and definitions of coffee types.]