February 2020 PMID 31642592

The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle.

Dustin J Penn, Szabolcs Számadó

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Mentions

77
Peak: 22 in Oct 2019
across 6 sources since Oct 2019

Extended reach

287,811
potential audience

Total likes

146

Video views

693

Mentions per month

Oct 2019 – Nov 2025

Where it's discussed

  • X / Twitter64 posts
  • Reddit4 posts
  • Blogs3 articles
  • Bluesky2 posts
  • YouTube2 videos
  • Facebook2 posts

AI synopsis

What people are saying

The overall discussions reveal a critical stance towards the Handicap Principle, with posts like 'There is no theoretical or empirical support' and calls for its 'honorable retirement.' The tone varies from analytical to dismissive, emphasizing how recent research and reviews have invalidated its foundational claims, indicating a major impact on the scientific understanding of honest signaling.

AgreementStrong disagreement

Most discussions strongly oppose the Handicap Principle, emphasizing its lack of support and calling for its retirement.

InterestHigh interest

There is high interest shown in analyzing and debating the validity of the hypothesis, with users engaging deeply with the topic's history and critiques.

EngagementModerate engagement

Many posts reference specific models, critiques, and historical figures, indicating active engagement and detailed analysis.

ImpactLow impact

The widespread rejection and calls for discarding the principle suggest a significant shift in scientific consensus, though some still discuss its historical influence.

Abstract in brief

  • The Handicap Principle, proposed by Zahavi in 1975, suggests that honest signals in animal communication are maintained because they are costly to produce, which ensures their reliability, although this idea has faced many criticisms.
  • Despite criticisms, the Handicap Principle became widely accepted in scientific communities, with researchers focusing on testing its predictions, such as measuring the costs associated with signaling to understand honesty in communication.
  • The critique in this text argues that the idea of signals being honest due to their costliness is erroneous, and it explains how the principle was mistakenly regarded as a general explanation for honest signaling across different species and contexts.]

Top posts

Most liked on X and Bluesky
Rolf Degen
@DegenRolf · X

Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the biological sciences, into an ‘honorable retirement’. https://t.co/QbCZ6BN2VI https://t.co/JW8KTm1ThV

Oct 24, 2019 · 23 likes · 7 shares · 69,593 followers View post →
David Schmitt
@PsychoSchmitt · X

"Zahavi’s second hypothesis...males adjust their investment into expression of sexual signals according to their condition & ability to bear costs (& risks to survival)...better understood within a Darwinian framework of adaptive signalling trade-offs" https://t.co/hJg1FgT0Xh https://t.co/6EGxcNjxjU

Oct 26, 2019 · 17 likes · 7 shares · 12,407 followers View post →
Jente Ottenburghs | Avian Hybrids
@Jente_O · X

Currently reading this extensive paper on the "Handicap Principle". Very interesting to follow the history of this idea. We need more papers like this. Tracing the development and criticism of evolutionarily concepts can provide important insights. https://t.co/4nPXRUz0CT https://t.co/oOd9YbZ9HU

Oct 14, 2020 · 11 likes · 3 shares · 4,037 followers View post →
Alexander Kotrschal
@KotrschalA · X

I met the late Amotz Zahavi as student. I had just learned about the handicap principle and was starstruck as he explained my 'stress vs. mouse telomeres' poster to me using his handicap principle. Would have been interesting to hear his opinion on this. https://t.co/Z9jpR84LRg

Dec 7, 2020 · 11 likes · 1,389 followers View post →
Rob
@Rob_GCC · X

Any second layer PoW implemention on top of bitcoin is just adding inefficiencies to the system. Handicaps are a lot more complicated, and do not ensure "honest signals" (bitcoin's incentive system extends beyond just mining a single block). https://t.co/ttR6rE6DsO

Aug 1, 2020 · 9 likes · 2 shares · 5,239 followers View post →
Rob Sica
@robsica · X

Oct 26, 2019 · 8 likes · 4 shares · 5,572 followers View post →

All mentions

prosopocoilusun
@prosopocoilusun · X

ハンディキャップ理論は理論・実証いずれにおいても誤りであり、正直シグナルの進化を説明するのには不適という主張。 ---- Penn & Számadó (2020) The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle. Biological Reviews, 95:267―290 https://t.co/x2qlbs2q79

Nov 9, 2025 · 1 like · 541 followers View post →
beak into
@beakint0 · X

https://t.co/WYzwTo4Cyc シグナル形質(性選択形質)が生存率を低下させていることを示した実証的な研究はほとんどないらしい

Aug 20, 2025 · 18 followers View post →
Jonathan Egeland
@JonathanEgeland · X

The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/ObZk6diPXQ "We show that Grafen's models do not support the handicap hypothesis, although they do support Zahavi's second hypothesis, which proposes that males adjust their investment

Oct 28, 2024 · 5 likes · 242 followers View post →
kaveinology
@kaveinthran · X

RT @Oliver_S_Curry: "There is no theoretical or empirical support for the Handicap Principle and the time is long overdue to usher this ide…

Aug 22, 2024 · 3 shares · 1,112 followers View post →
Andrew G. Thomas
@DrThomasAG · X

RT @Oliver_S_Curry: "There is no theoretical or empirical support for the Handicap Principle and the time is long overdue to usher this ide…

Aug 22, 2024 · 3 shares · 5,284 followers View post →
Mark Collard
@profmarkcollard · X

RT @Oliver_S_Curry: "There is no theoretical or empirical support for the Handicap Principle and the time is long overdue to usher this ide…

Aug 22, 2024 · 3 shares · 2,614 followers View post →
Oliver Scott Curry
@Oliver_S_Curry · X

"There is no theoretical or empirical support for the Handicap Principle and the time is long overdue to usher this idea into an ‘honorable retirement’."

Aug 22, 2024 · 6 likes · 3 shares · 5,935 followers View post →
Hanch Tarchup Jr.
@misharipov · X

@CyanHyprPsychic The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/C0HHFPLXNI

Dec 29, 2023 · 1,440 followers View post →
Thom Scott-Phillips
@tscottphillips · X

@dconroybeam @michael_barlev I found Számadó's debunkings very useful e.g. https://t.co/vk9lZP4c1i

Aug 11, 2023 · 5 likes · 3,199 followers View post →
J3
@j3s7m4n · X

@SambodhiPrem @The_Daily_DAO_ @balajis nice one Sambodhi, went ⬇️

May 2, 2023 · 1 like · 1,896 followers View post →
Joe
@c64f7e94 · X

@lokitekone Regarding the handicap principle: https://t.co/eoSPw4veWU

Mar 25, 2023 · 1 like · 483 followers View post →
Vladimír Bahna
@BahnaVladimir · X

The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/s7s6H0R6JL

Jan 13, 2023 · 23 followers View post →
Tant pis, je suis une chaise.
@corruptedchairs · X

@NotUrFavDoc فيما يخص الـ handicap hypothesis كنت لسه معدي علي ورقة بحثية بتقول إنها مغلوطة علمياً - ممكن تطلع علي الورقة وتشوف بنفسك https://t.co/KS7k9aszko - فيما يخص الطاووس بقي لو إحنا بنتكلم عن الـ sexual selection - اللي هي بتخش ضمن إطار الفرضية - برضه تم إجراء تجربة ..

Sep 7, 2022 · 762 followers View post →
didaclopez
@didaclopez · X

@gimenezbarbat Zahavi, en 1975, intentó explicarlo a través del principio del handicap. https://t.co/CamlMml8lf

Sep 3, 2022 · 1 like · 3,434 followers View post →
The Philosopher King
@PhlsphrKng · X

@paraschopra Thankfully some of us read beyond Wikipedia https://t.co/p0bgb2pkeN

Dec 29, 2021 · 3,087 followers View post →
Prof. Michael Sweet
@DiseaseMatters · X

@KusceManuel Depends which version of the principle you stand by - this review is a good read https://t.co/pbbb1lRQwF

Nov 28, 2021 · 13,337 followers View post →
benwithanimals
@benwithanimals · X

For me, the most memorable tidbit of information was about the Handicap principle, and how subsequent, recent research destroyed its reliability & trustworthiness (https://t.co/fdHaGkon0s)#WhatIlearnedin39C

Jun 2, 2021 · 74 followers View post →
Ronak Kadhi
@ronakkadhi · X

3/ 'Handicap theory', example a peacock wastes lot of energy to showcase her beauty & the opposite gender likes it. To learn more visit the following site https://t.co/DXyCHRgqX0

Mar 18, 2021 · 3 likes · 4,566 followers View post →
Alex Birsan
@AlexBirsan · X

RT @dansperber: Enlightening paper https://t.co/pViZDgh6Tw

Dec 8, 2020 · 1 share · 216 followers View post →
dan sperber @dansperber.bsky.social
@dansperber · X

Enlightening paper https://t.co/pViZDgh6Tw

Dec 7, 2020 · 8 likes · 1 share · 3,080 followers View post →
Ben Sheldon
@sheldonbirds.bsky.social · Bluesky

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/brv.12563#.X85U8X7vgx0.twitter

Dec 7, 2020 View post →
Ben Sheldon
@sheldonbirds.bsky.social · Bluesky

This idea overshadowed so much discussion and research during the first decade or so of my research career; this detailed analysis looks like another for the 'to read pile'! The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle...

Dec 7, 2020 · 1 share View post →
Alexander Kotrschal
@KotrschalA · X

I met the late Amotz Zahavi as student. I had just learned about the handicap principle and was starstruck as he explained my 'stress vs. mouse telomeres' poster to me using his handicap principle. Would have been interesting to hear his opinion on this. https://t.co/Z9jpR84LRg

Dec 7, 2020 · 11 likes · 1,389 followers View post →
草
@n0rr · X

@onsen_zuki 否定的なのがいま出てるくらいなので、揉み中じゃないですかね https://t.co/ZuHKqzRUiE

Oct 30, 2020 · 2 likes · 10,946 followers View post →
James Boyle, PhD
@JBoyle_Paleo · X

RT @Jente_O: Currently reading this extensive paper on the "Handicap Principle". Very interesting to follow the history of this idea. We…

Oct 18, 2020 · 3 shares · 320 followers View post →
Esteban Botero D.
@EBoteroD · X

If you are reading this tweet right now, please do yourself a favor and read this: The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/anEzIQP3kh

Oct 15, 2020 · 6 likes · 412 followers View post →
Awani
@AwaniBapat · X

RT @Jente_O: Currently reading this extensive paper on the "Handicap Principle". Very interesting to follow the history of this idea. We…

Oct 14, 2020 · 3 shares · 335 followers View post →
Himender Bharti
@adubharti · X

RT @Jente_O: Currently reading this extensive paper on the "Handicap Principle". Very interesting to follow the history of this idea. We…

Oct 14, 2020 · 3 shares · 1,330 followers View post →
Jente Ottenburghs | Avian Hybrids
@Jente_O · X

Currently reading this extensive paper on the "Handicap Principle". Very interesting to follow the history of this idea. We need more papers like this. Tracing the development and criticism of evolutionarily concepts can provide important insights. https://t.co/4nPXRUz0CT https://t.co/oOd9YbZ9HU

Oct 14, 2020 · 11 likes · 3 shares · 4,037 followers View post →
Bitcoin News
@channelBSV · X

RT @Rob_GCC: Any second layer PoW implemention on top of bitcoin is just adding inefficiencies to the system. Handicaps are a lot more comp…

Aug 2, 2020 · 2 shares · 6,237 followers View post →
Rob
@Rob_GCC · X

Any second layer PoW implemention on top of bitcoin is just adding inefficiencies to the system. Handicaps are a lot more complicated, and do not ensure "honest signals" (bitcoin's incentive system extends beyond just mining a single block). https://t.co/ttR6rE6DsO

Aug 1, 2020 · 9 likes · 2 shares · 5,239 followers View post →
Bruce McTague
@BruceMctague · X

@eaonp @yannikyriacos ok. i learned something new tonite. i had never heard of it. but i like it. and i found a spectacular piece arguing against Zahavi. https://t.co/ZSH0DLNitK

Jun 25, 2020 · 2,444 followers View post →
$ZeroBlock
@zero_block · X

@DanielKrawisz @jonathanaird @jcbstwsk @deggen @Bitcoin_Beyond @cryptoguzzle I assume you also read the opposition? https://t.co/QUK41ZkMsX

May 29, 2020 · 164 followers View post →
Derek Moore
@derekm00r3 · X

@DanielKrawisz @Manifestable @cryptoguzzle @deggen https://t.co/OQvZbkdMNc

May 26, 2020 · 4 likes · 3,310 followers View post →
Dr. Dawn Bazely is @DawnBazely@mastodon.world
@dawnbazely · X

@rvosa Amotz Zahavi would love that! We shared an office when I was a grad student & he was back at EGI, Oxford as a visiting prof. He was a hoot. I found this recent, nice paper: The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/nYhjPk14sf

May 10, 2020 · 8,908 followers View post →
krs
@Tonnimon · X

RT @TriversRobert: The Handicap Prirnciple—as usual it leaves out FEMALE CHOICE FOR FEMALE BENEFIT (Trivers 1985, pp 353-358; Seger & Trive…

Apr 22, 2020 · 3 shares · 36 followers View post →
hamilcar
@hamilcar · X

RT @TriversRobert: The Handicap Prirnciple—as usual it leaves out FEMALE CHOICE FOR FEMALE BENEFIT (Trivers 1985, pp 353-358; Seger & Trive…

Apr 22, 2020 · 3 shares · 103 followers View post →
Robert L. Trivers
@TriversRobert · X

The Handicap Prirnciple—as usual it leaves out FEMALE CHOICE FOR FEMALE BENEFIT (Trivers 1985, pp 353-358; Seger & Trivers 1986). Full downloads available at https://t.co/0Zzewq5rft https://t.co/60joJKvyc8

Apr 22, 2020 · 7 likes · 3 shares · 10,656 followers View post →
H Stiles
@HStiles1 · X

The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/fVHvW0NVSy

Jan 20, 2020 · 350 followers View post →
Sébastien Goumon
@SG_PighD · X

https://t.co/Sng1O3Gqmp interesting read: according to these authors there is no theoretical or empirical support for the Handicap Principle (which proposes that signals are honest because they are costly to produce)

Jan 14, 2020 · 961 followers View post →
Janky Béla
@JankyBela · X

@Gerit_Pfuhl @M_B_Petersen Not as simple as it seems. An excellent new review on the handicap principle in Biological Reviews https://t.co/1ncgtqNrcr

Dec 1, 2019 · 1 like · 182 followers View post →
NYU Primatology
@nyuprimatology · X

@jcbeehner @SHOALgroup This is a great new summary of how we got into this handicap mess if you haven’t read it yet: https://t.co/VY710RisMu

Dec 1, 2019 · 5,221 followers View post →
Janky Béla
@JankyBela · X

Not as simple as it seems. An excellent review on the handicap principle in Biological Reviews https://t.co/1ncgtqNrcr

Nov 20, 2019 · 182 followers View post →
CARLOS ARCILA
@cryptopipo · X

RT @Jente_O: The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/cAmsBQthlz

Nov 3, 2019 · 1 share · 238 followers View post →
tristramwyatt.bsky.social
@TristramWyatt · X

Fashions in animal behaviour: The Handicap Principle, debunked in important new paper by Penn, DJ & Számadó, S "The HP: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle" Biol Reviews https://t.co/BIrUfsUXGR @asab_tweets @SensoryEcology @TristramWyatt @matthewcobb

Oct 31, 2019 · 1 like · 3,812 followers View post →
F. Schwab
@FSchwab6 · X

RT @PsychoSchmitt: "Zahavi’s second hypothesis...males adjust their investment into expression of sexual signals according to their conditi…

Oct 27, 2019 · 7 shares · 304 followers View post →
F. Schwab
@FSchwab6 · X

RT @robsica:

Oct 27, 2019 · 4 shares · 304 followers View post →
Dr Kit Prendergast
@BeeBabette · X

The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous #hypothesis became a #scientific principle . #rewritethetextbooks #sexualselection #evolution #matechoice https://t.co/ApC2qhDXlE

Oct 27, 2019 · 1 like · 3,112 followers View post →
sakanoue no fusigi
@seeker98747 · X

RT @robsica:

Oct 27, 2019 · 4 shares · 325 followers View post →
Seçkin Sosyal
@seckinsosyal · X

RT @PsychoSchmitt: "Zahavi’s second hypothesis...males adjust their investment into expression of sexual signals according to their conditi…

Oct 27, 2019 · 7 shares · 176 followers View post →
Victor Shiramizu
@victorshiramizu · X

RT @PsychoSchmitt: "Zahavi’s second hypothesis...males adjust their investment into expression of sexual signals according to their conditi…

Oct 27, 2019 · 7 shares · 479 followers View post →
Oliver Scott Curry
@Oliver_S_Curry · X

RT @robsica:

Oct 26, 2019 · 4 shares · 5,935 followers View post →
Sergey Makarkin
@SergeyMakarkin · X

RT @robsica:

Oct 26, 2019 · 4 shares · 72 followers View post →
Rob Sica
@robsica · X

Oct 26, 2019 · 8 likes · 4 shares · 5,572 followers View post →
Jon Morgan
@JonMorg12578764 · X

RT @PsychoSchmitt: "Zahavi’s second hypothesis...males adjust their investment into expression of sexual signals according to their conditi…

Oct 26, 2019 · 7 shares · 5 followers View post →
Amy Alkon
@amyalkon · X

RT @PsychoSchmitt: "Zahavi’s second hypothesis...males adjust their investment into expression of sexual signals according to their conditi…

Oct 26, 2019 · 7 shares · 30,067 followers View post →
David Schmitt
@PsychoSchmitt · X

"Zahavi’s second hypothesis...males adjust their investment into expression of sexual signals according to their condition & ability to bear costs (& risks to survival)...better understood within a Darwinian framework of adaptive signalling trade-offs" https://t.co/hJg1FgT0Xh https://t.co/6EGxcNjxjU

Oct 26, 2019 · 17 likes · 7 shares · 12,407 followers View post →
Jente Ottenburghs | Avian Hybrids
@Jente_O · X

The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/cAmsBQthlz

Oct 25, 2019 · 2 likes · 1 share · 4,037 followers View post →
I don't know much
@paquibena · X

RT @DegenRolf: Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the bi…

Oct 25, 2019 · 7 shares · 262 followers View post →
La Nueva Ilustración Evolucionista
@newilustracion · X

RT @DegenRolf: Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the bi…

Oct 24, 2019 · 7 shares · 3,775 followers View post →
Psychology Bot
@PsychologyBot24 · X

The Handicap Principle: how an erroneous hypothesis became a scientific principle https://t.co/xcylUO2SEY #psychology

Oct 24, 2019 · 232 followers View post →
John Wilkins
@JohnWilkinspsyc · X

RT @DegenRolf: Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the bi…

Oct 24, 2019 · 7 shares · 1,631 followers View post →
Siberian fox
@SilverVVulpes · X

RT @DegenRolf: Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the bi…

Oct 24, 2019 · 7 shares · 6,268 followers View post →
José Luis Ricón Fernández de la Puente
@ArtirKel · X

RT @DegenRolf: Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the bi…

Oct 24, 2019 · 7 shares · 22,686 followers View post →
Fun and Games
@wwells668 · X

RT @DegenRolf: Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the bi…

Oct 24, 2019 · 7 shares · 1,326 followers View post →
Rolf Degen
@DegenRolf · X

Review paper calls for ushering the Handicap Principle, the most widely accepted explanation for honest signalling in the biological sciences, into an ‘honorable retirement’. https://t.co/QbCZ6BN2VI https://t.co/JW8KTm1ThV

Oct 24, 2019 · 23 likes · 7 shares · 69,593 followers View post →
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