Patterns and ecosystem consequences of shark declines in the ocean.

Francesco Ferretti, Boris Worm, Gregory L Britten, Michael R Heithaus, Heike K Lotze

August 2010

Synopsis of Social media discussions

Many contributors emphasize the influence of cultural depictions on public perception, such as the 'Jaws effect' mentioned in multiple posts, which denotes how the film led to harmful stereotypes and behaviors towards sharks. Phrases like 'Mass-culling of sharks' and 'endangering them in our ecosystem' convey urgency and concern, illustrating that the tone is one of alarm paired with a desire for understanding and knowledge regarding shark conservation.

A
Agreement
 Moderate agreement

Most discussions reflect a strong consensus on the detrimental effects of media misconceptions about sharks, aligning well with the publication's findings.

I
Interest
 High level of interest

There's a high level of curiosity evident in the posts, especially with many users sharing videos and resources related to the topic.

E
Engagement
 High engagement

Contributors show deep engagement by referencing specific studies and expressing personal reactions to the way sharks have been portrayed in culture.

I
Impact
 High level of impact

The discussions suggest that users perceive a significant impact of shark declines on marine ecosystems, echoing the main conclusions of the article.

Social Mentions

YouTube

3 Videos

Twitter

94 Posts

Blogs

9 Articles

News

30 Articles

Metrics

Video Views

1,997,268

Total Likes

67,812

Extended Reach

2,201,696

Social Features

136

Timeline: Posts about article

Top Social Media Posts

Posts referencing the article

Impact of Jaws on Shark Conservation and Marine Ecosystems

Impact of Jaws on Shark Conservation and Marine Ecosystems

This video explores the cultural and ecological impact of the 1975 film Jaws on shark conservation. It discusses the decline of large sharks and their crucial role as apex predators, which affects the abundance and behavior of marine species. Learn why sharks are often misunderstood and prioritize their preservation.

TREY the Explainer

February 7, 2020

1,996,788 views

ScientOïkos

September 18, 2023

252 views

Impact of Shark Declines on Marine Ecosystem Balance

Impact of Shark Declines on Marine Ecosystem Balance

Ecosystem Balance by Kraaken explores the delicate interactions within diverse environments. The decline of apex predators like sharks significantly alters prey dynamics, affecting species abundance and behavior. This video discusses the implications of these changes on marine ecosystems.

SciFilmIt

December 18, 2017

228 views

  • AquaticFlapper
    @AquaticFlapper (Twitter)

    Great video on it https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    August 24, 2025

    4

  • Tlauili
    @Amanecer_lobo (Twitter)

    Enrealidad más que la película fue el periodismo amarillistas que dejaron de llamarlos incidentes a Ataques por tiburones. Más un montón de cosas https://t.co/E3MoU4urql https://t.co/qehJuOTMrp
    view full post

    August 23, 2025

    7

  • Tlauili
    @Amanecer_lobo (Twitter)

    @ThesameNao @pangosevenup Me gusta mucho esté video que indaga en el tema, que más que la película enrealidad fueron los medios periodisticos y demás lo que hizo que la persepcion prevaleciera. https://t.co/E3MoU4uZfT
    view full post

    August 23, 2025

    2

  • ❄️
    @whateverblues (Twitter)

    That said there absolutely was a Jaws effect which caused a mass-culling of sharks, even harmless species. After its release, the NOAA proclaimed all sharks were "waste fish", basically announcing an open, unlimited commercial fishing season on all sharks. https://t.co/8qJjjRznZT
    view full post

    July 15, 2025

    2

  • Shark
    @Shark_does_shiz (Twitter)

    RT @Visceral9000: Here are some sources that better clarify on the negative impact Jaws had on shark conservation https://t.co/kTPlAytlVc…
    view full post

    June 24, 2025

    1


  • @Visceral9000 (Twitter)

    Here are some sources that better clarify on the negative impact Jaws had on shark conservation https://t.co/kTPlAytlVc https://t.co/TwTlZl6S34 https://t.co/D2QTb25KcL https://t.co/czp7hLcHnP
    view full post

    June 24, 2025

    12

    1

  • friendly neighborhood silly pal
    @ranlaugh (Twitter)

    here is a video by @/Trey_Explainer that discusses the demonization of sharks and its real world consequences (warning for images of hunted and dead sharks and other marine life throughout) https://t.co/Pp4mK98ydQ
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    3

  • RX-80080 (
    @RX80080 (Twitter)

    @LucasNikolas_ @peterjordan100 E o próprio criador de Tubarão se arrependeu do livro que criou. Ele admitiu que a ignorância dele causou a ignorância de milhões de pessoas com relação a tubarões. https://t.co/tU63lHzeGp
    view full post

    April 27, 2025

  • MALIgAssociates
    @MALIgAssociates (Twitter)

    https://t.co/QwLarkm9uZ
    view full post

    April 21, 2025

    1


  • @JPLover764 (Twitter)

    @Frankscotei @thatfuckasscat @MKeratos It isn’t just AI though. https://t.co/Ikd7DxnL57
    view full post

    April 15, 2025


  • @JPLover764 (Twitter)

    @HaythamKen3486 @thatfuckasscat @MKeratos https://t.co/rcMGKaVjNG
    view full post

    April 15, 2025

    1


  • @JPLover764 (Twitter)

    @purecube169524 @meg4l0n @Livvvv4ever https://t.co/rcMGKaVjNG
    view full post

    April 15, 2025

  • Luna.
    @Luna_100_0 (Twitter)

    @SamatHain31st https://t.co/z6hkxgv6HS This video was really good at explaining this
    view full post

    April 15, 2025

  • shiloh☣
    @shilohspazz (Twitter)

    @ZoeFnaf https://t.co/62Ita0QHb4 trey da explainer
    view full post

    April 9, 2025

    1

  • AquaticFlapper
    @AquaticFlapper (Twitter)

    Trey the explainers video is really great on the topic in my opinion https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    December 23, 2024

    3

  • RisingCitipati - COMMS OPEN
    @FalcoSean (Twitter)

    @Kyuu96_ @bearbrandmilkk YES. IT. DOES. Why would they regret making Jaws if it's existence had absolutely no impact on the media/public perception of Sharks? Again, it didn't start the hate, but it 100% was a big contributor to the view of sharks as mindless killing machines. https://t.co/NYX5j8Z3nL
    view full post

    September 7, 2024

    1

  • kayle
    @vampireflan (Twitter)

    mfs just acting like its all bullshit as if numerous species havent declined significantly due to misinformation in media https://t.co/f9T39PyrBx https://t.co/7fezVBEuVl
    view full post

    September 5, 2024

    4

  • Amish Warl0rd
    @Amish_Warl0rd (Twitter)

    @thedailyjaws https://t.co/T164nMuADc
    view full post

    July 5, 2024

  • Amish Warl0rd
    @Amish_Warl0rd (Twitter)

    @zenman431 @CollinRugg @money_bubby https://t.co/T164nMv8sK
    view full post

    July 5, 2024

  • Amish Warl0rd
    @Amish_Warl0rd (Twitter)

    @CollinRugg @money_bubby https://t.co/T164nMuADc
    view full post

    July 5, 2024

  • plhblue.bsky.social
    @PLHIsOnTwt (Twitter)

    @studioanisa Sharks are innocent https://t.co/0JzB5lfrV3
    view full post

    June 18, 2024

    1

  • kayle
    @vampireflan (Twitter)

    i will always reference this video https://t.co/eaTLkRf7S0
    view full post

    June 8, 2024

  • Dark Seleron
    @DarkSeleron (Twitter)

    @GavirroDiostre1 @Eliza_Rain De hecho en base a ese prejuicio se ha diezmado la población y se han desequilibrado los ecosistemas enteros del mar. Solo por una película que género un prejuicio estúpido. Los seres humanos, también mujeres, son el mal en la tierra. https://t.co/pHtPN3vpne
    view full post

    May 4, 2024

  • THEE Jenn #MorrisseyGirl4Life
    @JenniferLBrewer (Twitter)

    RT @ranlaugh: @sharks_everyday here's a video about this subject that I really like if anyone is interested! https://t.co/eQPhZOXTXl
    view full post

    March 18, 2024

    1

  • friendly neighborhood silly pal
    @ranlaugh (Twitter)

    @sharks_everyday here's a video about this subject that I really like if anyone is interested! https://t.co/eQPhZOXTXl
    view full post

    March 18, 2024

    11

    1

  • ✿ #1 hyeju lover
    @diasyXD (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 20, 2024

    10


  • @MilchigPrinz (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 20, 2024

    15

  • Ogi
    @gobin43 (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 20, 2024

    10

  • Sho
    @ItsYaBoySho (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    10

  • Dinoboi
    @Paleo_fan (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • Pizza, Manager of SPITE
    @roboticmothman (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15


  • @jjjacobine (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • Lot plays games with a casual 300 ping since 2018
    @Lots_PlentyEven (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • AnthonyR
    @Anthony84084161 (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • W_D-16.png
    @l0neDee (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • Shark
    @Shark_does_shiz (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • queenium
    @queen_ium (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    10

  • The-Prophet-of-Puppets
    @ProphetPuppets (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    10

  • SnarkyBadger
    @SnarkBadger (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • Requinoesis✨
    @Requinoesis (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    10

  • Ażaphīeł (He/Him)
    @azaphiel (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • Teh-Lah-Loq
    @Tlalocan_117 (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    10

  • Alberto Leoni
    @AlbertoLeoni11 (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • SporadicErratic
    @SporadicErratic (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    10


  • @mehzoeeeyo (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • Teh-Lah-Loq
    @Tlalocan_117 (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15


  • @Maya_Moo13 (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    10


  • @Maya_Moo13 (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 19, 2024

    15

  • inakidrago
    @Dragoninaki (Twitter)

    RT @AquaticFlapper: I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for ou…
    view full post

    February 18, 2024

    15

  • AquaticFlapper
    @AquaticFlapper (Twitter)

    https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 18, 2024

    151

    10

  • AquaticFlapper
    @AquaticFlapper (Twitter)

    I believe humanity has good in it and I am optimistic in it not nihilistic but people like you disgust me as yes for our planet we have been essentially monsters but we can change that. Anyways Trey made a great video on the oceans. https://t.co/xvt2Tav0TK
    view full post

    February 18, 2024

    180

    15

  • Dirk Festerling
    @DFesterling (Twitter)

    RT @BMauschen: @florianaigner Also dem Hai definitiv. Der Film hat so viel Schaden angerichtet, dass Benchley das lange bereut hat https:/…
    view full post

    November 8, 2023

    2

  • kotzlpotzl
    @avengedkotzl (Twitter)

    RT @BMauschen: @florianaigner Also dem Hai definitiv. Der Film hat so viel Schaden angerichtet, dass Benchley das lange bereut hat https:/…
    view full post

    November 7, 2023

    2

  • Bissiges Mäuschen
    @BMauschen (Twitter)

    @florianaigner Also dem Hai definitiv. Der Film hat so viel Schaden angerichtet, dass Benchley das lange bereut hat https://t.co/9XGgpLJvId
    view full post

    November 7, 2023

    40

    2

  • Dark Seleron
    @DarkSeleron (Twitter)

    @QuatoofCapital @DelusionPosting The problem is with that line of thinking, our irrational take is fear and actions driven by fear are disasters, by generalice something you don't even know, we destroyed our planet, all just for starting with that behaviour: https://t.co/M4rzlHcmQn
    view full post

    November 2, 2023

  • Dark Seleron
    @DarkSeleron (Twitter)

    @omimox1 @DelusionPosting People believe that of sharks too. We even did a ecocide of many thousands of billions through the decades just by fear, and for thinking "all sharks eat humans, are man killers" So, when people have this line of thinking I just show them what we did https://t.co/M4rzlHcmQn
    view full post

    November 2, 2023

  • Nick
    @NickXIII (Twitter)

    one of the best vids ive ever watched. sharks arent monsters <3 https://t.co/V14LwvlZXL
    view full post

    September 16, 2023

  • lo vamp (desgraça enlatada)
    @loree_vamp (Twitter)

    https://t.co/5fM3pX6lrZ eu <3 tubarões e esse youtuber ele é gostoso
    view full post

    September 16, 2023

  • Luna.
    @Luna_100_0 (Twitter)

    @labourpress Jaws is not the best comparison as it sensationalised the danger of sharks. This video demonstrates the issue with that. https://t.co/lkl3aMMtf6
    view full post

    September 5, 2023

  • frankie
    @writingalott (Twitter)

    @Alpha_Avtr rlly cool video abt them which i love for anyone whos interested: https://t.co/rFb8tpkcKn :))
    view full post

    August 17, 2023

    1

  • Butter
    @thegoodbutter_ (Twitter)

    @winecoloredsea This one from Real Science is a banger and I've watched it 10 times: https://t.co/3UZaZnVxLY This one: https://t.co/pfabt9pc6N Not about hammerheads, but pretty great: https://t.co/K68g7xeZgI About jaws and why it sucked for marine conservation: https://t.co/1zhQgJQU6X
    view full post

    August 12, 2023

    3

  • Casper
    @cuntfused (Twitter)

    https://t.co/ffZv6uz4YZ
    view full post

    August 9, 2023

    1

  • Tlauili
    @Amanecer_lobo (Twitter)

    @MrWanuel_ESO De hecho este video lo documenta bastante bien https://t.co/MqXRAAQkY4
    view full post

    July 23, 2023

  • James Coruscanti Diner III
    @aDillonDev (Twitter)

    The animal is acting like an animal! Let it be!!! Also this is a really good video discussing the ecological impact of demonizing sharks: https://t.co/Og0N3XdZlW
    view full post

    July 19, 2023

    2

  • Chatnoir
    @Mschatnoir (Twitter)

    https://t.co/1XTlHl5Foh
    view full post

    July 19, 2023

  • anna
    @annascotthinkl1 (Twitter)

    The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay https://t.co/kuM2Z0yrlK via @YouTube Sharks are beautiful majestic animals!
    view full post

    July 11, 2023

  • Matthew Optimus
    @MatthewTabian95 (Twitter)

    @reberrabon_bon I like this Video Essay about Jaws and Sharks. Give it a watch. It's pretty interesting. https://t.co/idLbv0mbKh
    view full post

    July 8, 2023

    2

  • ⭐️ Juan #1312
    @cinemaling (Twitter)

    Even the great white sharks prefer to steer away from humans and just stay put for their seals hunt we dont have the right fat for them yall too much bones and not enough fat. Theres a great video essay for this i like so much!! https://t.co/L9DETROzlF
    view full post

    July 3, 2023

  • James Coruscanti Diner III
    @aDillonDev (Twitter)

    This was a really good overview about what we are looking at with sharks and the ecosystem. And as someone who had been planning to go into ichthyology, it's really shocking to me how small the shark expert field is. https://t.co/UifbD9rtsJ
    view full post

    July 2, 2023

    1

  • seany
    @seanisafish (Twitter)

    @ecileatricia https://t.co/xsDYajSjqA
    view full post

    June 28, 2023

    1


  • @megalizard88 (Twitter)

    @Realducklord1 Sharks are endangered and harmless so I’m upset Turkeys are chickens are breed specifically to be eaten so I don’t care https://t.co/fMizeK7cc8
    view full post

    May 23, 2023

  • ines
    @nameyour_plants (Twitter)

    i am always free to defend sharks from idiots at all hours. also recommending this video once again: https://t.co/sAjqao7EC0 https://t.co/pbrp1Dz2yg
    view full post

    May 6, 2023

    2

  • Matthew
    @Matticaut0 (Twitter)

    The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay https://t.co/2xY7TVCVKg via @YouTube
    view full post

    April 23, 2023

  • ines
    @nameyour_plants (Twitter)

    if youre interested in the story of how sharks became demonized by the media watch this video essay! its extremely interesting. https://t.co/sAjqao8cry
    view full post

    February 15, 2023

    1

  • xx_meowcatgamer_xx
    @majapaja_ (Twitter)

    @gammashitlord @Malzykins @ZIFIXLoic @rTerraria https://t.co/NZV94tg065
    view full post

    January 22, 2023

  • swentonbill
    @swentonbill (Twitter)

    The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay https://t.co/DWIe6qE75r via @YouTube. Thought provoking and really well made video about Sharks. Must watch!
    view full post

    January 14, 2023

    1

  • квир на весь мир
    @neuroqueerr (Twitter)

    https://t.co/i0LdWMdjbx
    view full post

    November 8, 2022

  • Mr. Jawbone
    @jawbone_mr (Twitter)

    Watch the full video before judging sharks
    view full post

    November 5, 2022

  • percy ˚⁎⁺˳ . ⊹
    @hotgirlmegatron (Twitter)

    If y'all are interested in learning more about sharks, and how popular culture affected them, check out this cool video essay that made me cry like 3 times: https://t.co/oiO0GVc5QP
    view full post

    October 16, 2022

    1

  • COMMISSIONS OPEN
    @yuriiIover (Twitter)

    idk i'm not an expert but i remembered watching both of these video essays ages ago and fused the knowledge i got from them together https://t.co/XWbl7m8c5N https://t.co/m5zgxDRK7W
    view full post

    September 20, 2022

  • the kenn print
    @degreesofK (Twitter)

    @blaqueleoni they’re actually very affectionate creatures! they don’t even really want to eat humans honestly but with the movie jaws, it caused for them to become increasingly killed and now endangering them in our ecosystem :/ sad shit https://t.co/bOzKYLNIQo
    view full post

    August 4, 2022

    1

  • @homosapien420
    @penislover_69 (Twitter)

    @GameJunkyard11 @tragicbirdapp It's actually 100% true. Here's a great video on the topic, I strongly recommend! https://t.co/EbgnCmAA9d
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    1

  • Ollie
    @OllyValentine2 (Twitter)

    https://t.co/Ob65BOkGIW This video is great by the way, goes over a lot of the stuff I'm talking about in this thread and has great sources and research put into it.
    view full post

    August 2, 2022

  • Ven
    @UN0V4 (Twitter)

    @AlanBurnerV3 @SpectralAurora_ https://t.co/31n5vSoQKX my bro
    view full post

    August 2, 2022

    8

  • Ven
    @UN0V4 (Twitter)

    @Zuthal1 @SpectralAurora_ @VisionFrozen for you: https://t.co/31n5vSoQKX
    view full post

    August 2, 2022

    2

  • Troy the Frog
    @Troycoley8 (Twitter)

    @SharkWeek The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay: https://t.co/NIp5u1nqOA
    view full post

    July 28, 2022

  • Troy the Frog
    @Troycoley8 (Twitter)

    @ScienceChannel @ForrestGalante @Discovery @discoveryplus The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay: https://t.co/NIp5u15PX2
    view full post

    July 27, 2022

  • Troy the Frog
    @Troycoley8 (Twitter)

    The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay: https://t.co/NIp5u15PX2
    view full post

    July 26, 2022

  • Troy the Frog
    @Troycoley8 (Twitter)

    @AnimalPlanet The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay: https://t.co/NIp5u15PX2
    view full post

    July 26, 2022

  • Troy the Frog
    @Troycoley8 (Twitter)

    @Trey_Explainer https://t.co/NIp5u15PX2
    view full post

    July 26, 2022

  • Troy the Frog
    @Troycoley8 (Twitter)

    @Trey_Explainer The Shark in Jaws Did Nothing Wrong - An Ecological Video Essay: https://t.co/NIp5u15PX2
    view full post

    July 26, 2022

  • Alex Richter-Boix
    @BoixRichter (Twitter)

    @CapitanDubrok @karinaeliza77 @Robinski__ Fundamento científico sobre el efecto de la pérdida de tiburones hay mucho, solo tienen que buscar un poco en la literatura científico y encontrarás muchos artículos sobre ello. A partir de este de ya hace unos años puedes llegar a otros muchos. https://t.co/PSK72HZlDz
    view full post

    March 27, 2021

    6

  • Chris Harrod
    @chris_harrod (Twitter)

    @WhySharksMatter If it is there, it's likely discussed here https://t.co/UeQ21vYo93
    view full post

    August 29, 2019

    1

  • Jez Roff
    @JezRoff (Twitter)

    ....sharks aren't constrained by prey size due to bite strength and dentition 3/n (https://t.co/iSJ9mz9P23) https://t.co/7t33Prmq11
    view full post

    February 26, 2019

    2

Abstract Synopsis

  • Large sharks have significantly declined in recent decades, impacting their role as apex predators in marine ecosystems.
  • The decline leads to reduced natural mortality among various prey species, causing changes in their abundance, distribution, and behavior, particularly among smaller elasmobranchs, marine mammals, and sea turtles.
  • Although evidence points to the top-down effects of sharks influencing coastal ecosystems, further research is necessary to fully understand the broader implications of these declines across different oceanic regions.