September 2011 PMID 21896735

Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa.

Michael F Hammer, August E Woerner, Fernando L Mendez, Joseph C Watkins, Jeffrey D Wall

Mentions

312
Peak: 6 in Feb 2025
across 6 sources since Mar 2019

Extended reach

55,975
potential audience

Total likes

82

Video views

1,457

Mentions per month

Mar 2019 – Dec 2025

Where it's discussed

  • Facebook198 posts
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AI synopsis

What people are saying

The overall tone demonstrates high interest through references to scientific studies like Hammer (2011) and Durvasula & Sankararaman (2020), with commenters debating the extent of archaic DNA in modern Africans, suggesting both curiosity and recognition of the research's impact on understanding human evolution.

AgreementModerate agreement

Most discussions support the idea that ancient gene flow occurred in Africa, citing studies like Hammer (2011) and Durvasula & Sankararaman (2020).

InterestHigh interest

Numerous comments reference detailed research and studies, showing high curiosity and engagement with the scientific findings.

EngagementModerate engagement

Posts include examples of citing specific studies, debating interpretations, and questioning evidence, indicating active participation.

ImpactModerate impact

Discussions highlight how these findings challenge previous misconceptions about African human history, suggesting moderate significant influence.

Abstract in brief

  • The study provides genetic evidence that modern African populations have inherited small amounts of DNA from archaic human groups that diverged from our direct ancestors around 700,000 years ago and interbred with early modern humans approximately 35,000 years ago.
  • Using DNA analysis from several sub-Saharan populations, the researchers identified specific regions in the genome that show signs of deep divergence and unusual genetic patterns indicative of archaic introgression.
  • The findings challenge the idea that archaic human forms in Africa went entirely extinct without interbreeding, suggesting instead that there was some gene flow from these archaic populations into modern humans, contributing to current genetic diversity.]

Top posts

Most liked on X and Bluesky
Stella
@ubiquitousnewt · X

Hold the phone. This is an exaggeration, surely? Studies like Hammer (2011) https://t.co/I5opeFyQmj And Lachance (2012) https://t.co/20dXQefPrA both do confirm archaic admixture in Africa, but it’s a minor fraction, similar to Neanderthal contributions elsewhere. Calling it https://t.co/Pm75hXD0ou

Feb 20, 2025 · 3 likes · 1 share · 6,057 followers View post →
CriticalEye
@CriticalEyeMMA2 · X

@mandelasmind @Occupymylife5 @ItIsHoeMath @tadgh_dc Multiple peer-reviewed studies have proven this fact. Robert Sephr has only referenced those studies, he was not part of those research teams. https://t.co/x85HviezLm

Oct 3, 2025 · 3 likes · 709 followers View post →
Double F - Venator
@Jakailau7 · X

@arigra888 @UltraPatriot44 @Crazyy_Videos Yes, Lakisha. We believe the truth. You're the heir of Homo Erectus or another closely related hominid species. https://t.co/IBsBVbRuZU

Jan 6, 2024 · 3 likes · 319 followers View post →
Erik/Acevedo
@Jawntz · X

@exponential28 @RealChrisLangan @elonmusk Thats the one Here are some links [1] https://t.co/gvCQszGvCg [2] https://t.co/UYGxqnWP0s [3] https://t.co/mwnYFnHoYo [4] https://t.co/Fj4sHA9b3M [5] https://t.co/crVqs7RXH0 [6] https://t.co/9gqvRIRfTt [7] https://t.co/GWhEW1C7io] https://t.co/rYq5yWJj1J] https://t.co/QASAnZbOoy

Feb 20, 2025 · 3 likes · 287 followers View post →
KeMeT roots
@KeMeT_roots · X

@hhhhhhbbhhbbbb @nianello6 @Narmer_X @kaido5556 @jamessh00293570 @m_fma @MrMisr1 @ManciSiya @MelaninExtracts @Void_pilled @AskPerplexity @iyamyesyouareno @Belrock01 @Vic18246223 @Treday_90 @T_A_Activist @ProudlyHotep @IRLEgyptologis7 @Tonycmyk @Jerome_bagz @irregularcurve @alfa3141592653 @WellnessCheck12 @PedosYt @BlackPa10086717 @ka64502876 @grok @aigov_agent @juandia07842974 @Benny6696029227 @qyld1234 @grounded_in @kaido544 @graytown68100 @KingEzana77 @KushnerAvi @Fv07wX9IdQEjEwU @Woosey7945 @U740_2 @Tasdghj1 @kemetnubiakamp @AdherbalduRif @Mikey234 @JBCrpted @U780_2 @kaido So you’re debating a topic you barely grasp? Got it. SSA carry archaic DNA like everyone else, the difference being a ghost lineage not yet physically found. Now go ahead and show me a study proving SSA have none

Sep 26, 2025 · 3 likes · 167 followers View post →
SpecterofVerdun
@SpecterofVerdun · X

@AfroAthem @NephilimRevenge @scrowder It is limited to those of Sub-Saharn African descent. https://t.co/ajLr6SqydQ https://t.co/BM94ksJCjx

Oct 17, 2025 · 3 likes · 99 followers View post →

All mentions

DA
@DaWeana1683 · X

@1PTHANG @B1TuckerCarlson @AmiriKing https://t.co/G9wGdTMmUE here is another example

Dec 4, 2025 · 325 followers View post →
Ares Mars
@AresMars985 · X

@iam2CoolShawty @ChudTheBuilder DAS YOU MAAA BRUDDAH!!! Dassss your ancestor!!! See what has happen WuZ. Some worthless non human hominid GRAPED (yall love graping shit) a female Neanderthal a long time ago and it gave birth TO YOU!!! My lil negro! https://t.co/gK4dpZAHD0 https://t.co/Gc1rHLTJyI

Dec 2, 2025 · 113 followers View post →
Madisonmatthew
@juniormatthews · X

@realeyez0 @bAnthonYsr Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa (2011) by Michael F. Hammer et al. Link. Sample size: ~16 Mandenka (West Africa), ~16 Biaka (Central Africa), 9 San (Southern Africa). Key finding: Contemporary African populations contain ~2% genetic material from an archaic

Nov 28, 2025 · 334 followers View post →
Madisonmatthew
@juniormatthews · X

@Mizzkey79 @realeyez0 @bAnthonYsr Studies on Archaic Hominin Admixture Shared Between West Africans and African Americans • Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa (2011) by Michael F. Hammer et al. Link. Sample size: ~16 Mandenka (West Africa), ~16 Biaka (Central Africa), 9 San (Southern Africa). Key

Nov 28, 2025 · 334 followers View post →
What intersting times indeed
@Johnm1291 · X

@McThiccens_ @necros111 @HumbleFlow Durvasula & Sankararaman 2020 – Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations. Science Advances • Hammer et al. 2011 – Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa. PNAS

Nov 24, 2025 · 137 followers View post →
merogos
@merogos_ · X

Hasta no hace mucho se creía que los africanos subsaharianos eran sapiens puros al contrario que el resto de habitantes del planeta, pero por primera vez en una investigación genética de 2011, "Hammer, M. F. et al. Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa. PNAS, 108(37)"

Nov 9, 2025 · 1 like · 2,021 followers View post →
SpecterofVerdun
@SpecterofVerdun · X

@AfroAthem @NephilimRevenge @scrowder It is limited to those of Sub-Saharn African descent. https://t.co/ajLr6SqydQ https://t.co/BM94ksJCjx

Oct 17, 2025 · 3 likes · 99 followers View post →
CriticalEye
@CriticalEyeMMA2 · X

@mandelasmind @Occupymylife5 @ItIsHoeMath @tadgh_dc Multiple peer-reviewed studies have proven this fact. Robert Sephr has only referenced those studies, he was not part of those research teams. https://t.co/x85HviezLm

Oct 3, 2025 · 3 likes · 709 followers View post →
iMasonite
@iMasonite · X

@PerkinWerbecque @Kingbingo_ @Sargon_of_Akkad So There is the Multiregional Hypothesis, suggesting that there were multiple species that evolved separately with heavy mixing. Sub-Saharan Africans have almost no Neanderthal DNA and the reverse is true for archaic African hominins DNA. https://t.co/i9vDh9dVwa

Sep 30, 2025 · 76 followers View post →
KeMeT roots
@KeMeT_roots · X

@hhhhhhbbhhbbbb @nianello6 @Narmer_X @kaido5556 @jamessh00293570 @m_fma @MrMisr1 @ManciSiya @MelaninExtracts @Void_pilled @AskPerplexity @iyamyesyouareno @Belrock01 @Vic18246223 @Treday_90 @T_A_Activist @ProudlyHotep @IRLEgyptologis7 @Tonycmyk @Jerome_bagz @irregularcurve @alfa3141592653 @WellnessCheck12 @PedosYt @BlackPa10086717 @ka64502876 @grok @aigov_agent @juandia07842974 @Benny6696029227 @qyld1234 @grounded_in @kaido544 @graytown68100 @KingEzana77 @KushnerAvi @Fv07wX9IdQEjEwU @Woosey7945 @U740_2 @Tasdghj1 @kemetnubiakamp @AdherbalduRif @Mikey234 @JBCrpted @U780_2 @kaido So you’re debating a topic you barely grasp? Got it. SSA carry archaic DNA like everyone else, the difference being a ghost lineage not yet physically found. Now go ahead and show me a study proving SSA have none

Sep 26, 2025 · 3 likes · 167 followers View post →
El gamussinu errant.
@garfius · X

El 2011, es va analitzar l'ADN de tres grups africans (pigmeus biaka, san i mandinka) i es va demostrar que provenia d'una espècie ara extinta que es va separar del llinatge humà modern fa més de 700.000 anys. https://t.co/KRfJY4Su7O

Aug 21, 2025 · 89 followers View post →
V
@xRevelationOne · X

@T_Rizzeal @GlitchRoberts @iamyesyouareno https://t.co/8HrrQ9mbOe https://t.co/cag4s5dEJw https://t.co/GFt3SBoHOq

Jul 13, 2025 · 710 followers View post →
Kerry Norton II
@techn0jungle · X

@SurlyThomasMore @purpplondon @DunderMifflnity @PretentiousT10 @shane7777ssss @OttisRot I had used my character max and had to make cuts where I could. You're lucky it ended with a period. MF Hammer Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 15123–15128 (2011). Science Mag vol. 6 no. 7 2020 https://t.co/WKMxjP9zMg

Jul 7, 2025 · 150 followers View post →
Stephen Deagle
@DeagleStephen · X

@NathanS31397389 @Est_gaming8 @Kenedhloger Hammer et al. (2011) - Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa. Durvasula & Sankararaman (2020) - Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations.

May 13, 2025 · 53 followers View post →
TTom
@Pipogya4277 · X

@LaurynBahen @elonmusk Spencer J. Quinn: Race Realism Vindicated: Archaic Human DNA Found in Black Africans https://t.co/tQ8Zyed0W8 Michael Hammer, Dr. Jeff Wall: Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa https://t.co/Nan5jDdVPq Erik Trinkhaus, Milford Wolpoff: Multiregional Evolution Model -MEM

Mar 31, 2025 · 1 like · 404 followers View post →
Mar
@TepesIIIVlad · X

@VPdrinker @PPC4Liberty So heres why I think you might all be wrong… Too much of our research comes from zogafilliated medical research centers. Here’s what some Russian geneticists found: https://t.co/SQnR0BAHQK https://t.co/zhlhcqOkj0 https://t.co/EQt8yzn1Fz https://t.co/ZVEnM7UHOY https://t.co/vuyPOafs7n

Mar 4, 2025 · 1 like · 969 followers View post →
elmoniel
@elmoniel29790 · X

RT @ubiquitousnewt: Hold the phone. This is an exaggeration, surely? Studies like Hammer (2011) https://t.co/I5opeFyQmj And Lachance (…

Feb 20, 2025 · 1 share · 84 followers View post →
Erik/Acevedo
@Jawntz · X

@exponential28 @RealChrisLangan @elonmusk Thats the one Here are some links [1] https://t.co/gvCQszGvCg [2] https://t.co/UYGxqnWP0s [3] https://t.co/mwnYFnHoYo [4] https://t.co/Fj4sHA9b3M [5] https://t.co/crVqs7RXH0 [6] https://t.co/9gqvRIRfTt [7] https://t.co/GWhEW1C7io] https://t.co/rYq5yWJj1J] https://t.co/QASAnZbOoy

Feb 20, 2025 · 3 likes · 287 followers View post →
GD.
@ZaGareth · X

@LandonCrismon @The_NS_Question @Neo_Uberweiss @dailylives87 @NextWaveAmerica You were better off not knowing because it isn't correct. https://t.co/NA4OzJilw1 TLDR they haven't identified the archaic DNA in Africans and likely never will

Feb 20, 2025 · 200 followers View post →
Stella
@ubiquitousnewt · X

Hold the phone. This is an exaggeration, surely? Studies like Hammer (2011) https://t.co/I5opeFyQmj And Lachance (2012) https://t.co/20dXQefPrA both do confirm archaic admixture in Africa, but it’s a minor fraction, similar to Neanderthal contributions elsewhere. Calling it https://t.co/Pm75hXD0ou

Feb 20, 2025 · 3 likes · 1 share · 6,057 followers View post →
Chief Noticer of Noticing
@_Farumaru · X

@k9_reaper https://t.co/hHpLLJmvcE

Feb 18, 2025 · 1 like · 1 share · 473 followers View post →
Penitent Penguin
@BiglooChaplain · X

@Demuremoony @MGoonery0331 Blood kin to H. Erectus https://t.co/UP1DA1Dhxo https://t.co/K2x9WLGVcZ

Feb 6, 2025 · 616 followers View post →
Margalla
@austudynetwork · X

@matigary Actually no https://t.co/DsUrVV2aVl

Dec 30, 2024 · 1 like · 218 followers View post →
Ambassador Charles
@pr0fxavier · X

@PeacockClu38175 https://t.co/MCCDfcHb4Y

Dec 10, 2024 · 813 followers View post →
Ashten Gray
@YungTacoTuesday · X

@SneedFeed1235 @InsaneCope Lol, Ive seen that before. Here is the actual study that it's miss-quoting. It's funny how easy it is to get you all to repost factually inaccurate information because racist lies make you feel good. https://t.co/aSNNZSc1iC

Nov 14, 2024 · 1 like · 133 followers View post →
z0gb0t
@z0gb0t · X

@southpawmikhail @Renialate @Moneyma89071669 @ejejjuk @Orwellsghost28 than there are between Asians and whites. Sub-Saharans are a different subspecies. https://t.co/cOywbN9yFL

Oct 4, 2024 · 37 followers View post →
hyperborean noble
@hyperboreanoble · X

@MountKenyan You are an idiot. It lists the study at the bottom. If that’s not good enough here is another one. It’s easy to look up but you won’t cause it goes against your agenda. https://t.co/aGKyYI7Yv4≈700%20kya. https://t.co/SzyM7hizad

Apr 30, 2024 · 72 followers View post →
Matt
@mybruva_inyakub · X

@ssj3emyia @BIPOCracism No. You got it backwards. Your screenshots, that you failed to cite, come from a 2011 paper, “Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa” (Hammer, Werner, et al.). “Recovering signals of ghost archaic introgression in African populations” is from 2020.

Mar 20, 2024 · 813 followers View post →
✮Kyl__Belik✮
@Kyl_Belik · X

@arjunviswanaths @iamyesyouareno https://t.co/pHdn3peqEs

Mar 10, 2024 · 79 followers View post →
Evolution Revolution
@RobertEvolution · X

@TheMalaiLana @theblackjack02 The racist mythologist always black me. The study is about hominid introgression in DNA of extinct hominids. Has nothing to with brain development. The study emphasizes African human phenotypes have the most diverse human genome/originality. https://t.co/o40DjRtWpD

Jan 29, 2024 · 2,086 followers View post →
Double F - Venator
@Jakailau7 · X

@Crazyy_Videos The heirs of Erectus never cease to act in their predictably violent, inhuman ways. https://t.co/IBsBVbRuZU

Jan 6, 2024 · 319 followers View post →
Double F - Venator
@Jakailau7 · X

@arigra888 @UltraPatriot44 @Crazyy_Videos Yes, Lakisha. We believe the truth. You're the heir of Homo Erectus or another closely related hominid species. https://t.co/IBsBVbRuZU

Jan 6, 2024 · 3 likes · 319 followers View post →
FightingFrogs
@FightingFrogsNT · X

@mustbehuey @EbonySupremacy @bugimane @Blackmillions_ @CNN Yep. https://t.co/TZRVLPVY1I

Dec 23, 2023 · 1,313 followers View post →
Acaydia
@Acaydiya · X

@jai_chism @MarRiott_Marley @petty_murphy43 https://t.co/YwryLA6mq7

Nov 29, 2023 · 1 like · 3,168 followers View post →
Double F - Venator
@Jakailau7 · X

@Jamila8790 @YuuriCanzu @kentaromichinom All Sub Saharan Africans, lol. 23&Me doesn't account for deep ancestry matrix populations. You are almost a quarter erectus, which is closer to chimps compared to all human groups, due to this archaic hominid species. We have known this for a while. https://t.co/IBsBVbRuZU https://t.co/enpI9D52bi

Nov 18, 2023 · 319 followers View post →
ᚺᛖᚱᛖᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᚺᛖᚨᚦᛖᚾ
@Meirleachcrodh · X

Khoesan and Pygmy beware

Nov 8, 2023 · 34 followers View post →
Aaron ferry
@Aaronferry7 · X

@RhinoMemphis @WatchCapt https://t.co/arjbbgsbAN Source for claims.

Oct 16, 2023 · 683 followers View post →
PH78-African Bias American
@Phillip05166897 · X

RT @Phillip05166897: @AllenJRobinson @Xongkuro The hammer study and Tishkoff studies found small traces of admixture comparable in both TMR…

Sep 12, 2023 · 1 share · 1,518 followers View post →
The Stranger
@eviljinious1 · X

Interesting article https://t.co/boACKUt5nl

Sep 11, 2023 · 974 followers View post →
Earl of Olay
@BwareOfDoggerel · X

@Crash_Burn0215 @eviljinious1 @AsianDawn4 Certainly not sub-Saharan black. Sub-Saharans are intermixed with an unknown hominid that is not present in the rest of humanity. This is one of the bigger blows against the out of Africa theory. https://t.co/3XWVPYaiFp

Sep 11, 2023 · 1 like · 916 followers View post →
Joe Bunch'O Numbers
@joeyoun31408420 · X

@regularJay22 @nianello6 @Berry_gojii @JenniferALeoni @Phillip05166897 @Shiftant @FrankDeScushin sub saharan africans are admixed with archaic hominids. likely homo erectus. nothing wrong with that though. erectus invented the boat and was the first living being to learn how to control fire. https://t.co/VaSCUQXf3Q

Aug 11, 2023 · 1 like · 81 followers View post →
PH78-African Bias American
@Phillip05166897 · X

@AllenJRobinson @Xongkuro The hammer study and Tishkoff studies found small traces of admixture comparable in both TMRCA and amounts to Neanderthals. https://t.co/FpdtyHNEoY https://t.co/YXugsLCmGx https://t.co/IElqiBvH7r

Jun 15, 2023 · 1 like · 1 share · 1,518 followers View post →
John Doe
@hicadude · X

@PorchProgram @DomaiForeman @SerenaJB3 Africans are mostly Eurasians within the last 40kya as shown by genetics and the fossil record. https://t.co/3gB4YUTrtN africans have less than 2% Homo naledi/Australopithecus (archaic dna)

Jun 12, 2023 · 45 followers View post →
Kalle
@KarlErik_Martin · X

@Skoputsaren @dekman @Asklanda Nej, afrikaner blandade sig med en okänd arkaisk människoras efter det att våra förfäder lämnade Europa. En som skiljde sig från homo sapiens med mer än 4 miljoner år. https://t.co/FFzlGfvcB8

May 31, 2023 · 2 likes · 444 followers View post →
Cthulhu Tweets
@tweetofcthulu · X

@BabeTruth2 @realdill731 @SerenaJB3 I too can post links Is the Out of Africa Theory Out? https://t.co/AdZ0LLjsEE Archaic Hominin Introgression in Africa Contributes to Functional Salivary MUC7 Genetic Variation https://t.co/NtTGnyzXhC Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa https://t.co/bs0UTH7cur

May 24, 2023 · 2 likes · 2,200 followers View post →
cotard_30
@cotard_30 · X

#300のmemo 本日のななめよみ。2011年なので少し古い論文。ghost archaic introgressionに否定的な論文の理解ためにghost archaic introgressionに関する論文を漁ってるところ。introgressionがあったであろう単一遺伝子座について議論し始めたりするあたりが時代を感じる…。 https://t.co/0lcZCnGMbQ

May 23, 2023 · 539 followers View post →
ⒶЯT :
@anarcho_app · X

https://t.co/AJ9oAiTpsI https://t.co/2E7InVjS7d

Apr 27, 2023 · 4,162 followers View post →
ⒶЯT :
@anarcho_app · X

@NOflexZONE191 Another 2011 report… here’s the results but doesn’t change anything I posted… https://t.co/AJ9oAiTpsI https://t.co/LU5DoUMLdd

Apr 27, 2023 · 4,162 followers View post →
NOflexZONE
@NOflexZONE191 · X

@anarcho_app OOAT YOU ARE PSEUDO https://t.co/oTOU2o7VOl

Apr 27, 2023 · 2,310 followers View post →
lepxii stands for: Λ{ε * π} = ξ × ι
@lepxii · X

@AsherAharonov כנראה שפחות טבח (אם כי גם), אלא merge באמצעות פרו ורבו. נראה שהמינים השונים שחיו במקביל (בתקופות שונות) היה compatible מבחינת רבייה. הניאנדרטל בכלל היה קרוב, אך כנראה שגם סאפיינס וארקטוס. ככל ונהנדס, ונרצה לקבע קסטות, יש למנוע. https://t.co/ijkkgV9AT6 https://t.co/qgWqrMa2gX

Apr 20, 2023 · 1 like · 5,039 followers View post →
Viv ⥀川
@Vivernu · X

@Ericcpalmer @empireenjoyer10 @napoleon21st https://t.co/RqZmhNMJqq https://t.co/ziQVZg9kGg https://t.co/Fr0ggLuY8u

Apr 12, 2023 · 1 like · 1,490 followers View post →
Sean (Parody)
@omalley4sean · X

@empireenjoyer10 https://t.co/zTwNPQWEuv

Feb 18, 2023 · 581 followers View post →
Fred
@Ruralman88 · X

@Nimble_iii @Ghostof_Atticus Africans are up to 20% homo erectus. Not entropy, they're mixed with a different subspecies https://t.co/EI6M9vF7mf

Jan 15, 2023 · 1 like · 585 followers View post →
kemetnubiakamp
@kemetnubiakamp · X

@lee2335731341 @negropessimist @Purebloodorigin The term "ghost population" means they cannot determine what type of homo sapien it was but there's enough unique DNA that it is distinguishable from other human DNA. Africa was full of early hominids. It's throughout Africa: https://t.co/0VWs9zr6J7

Oct 26, 2022 · 512 followers View post →
stone age sage
@paleolithicsage · X

@AquaPaadre Those populations have a very archaic homo admixture in them even older than Neanderthal and denisovans maybe that’s why. https://t.co/eqLkbJBpiX

Oct 25, 2022 · 2 likes · 19 followers View post →
Cecil
@rebirocho · X

Las poblaciones africanas contemporáneas poseen genes de poblaciones arcaicas extintas, genes que las poblaciones euroasiáticas no poseen. Los euroasiáticos poseen en parte genes neandertal, la África subsahariana no. https://t.co/PDTMrhKagB

Apr 29, 2022 · 1 like · 200 followers View post →
Stephen Doyle
@GaiusCa1igu1a · X

Research Article: Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa. https://t.co/dHNJDFuHMx HT: @Champion_Puffa #Hominids

Dec 31, 2019 · 1,525 followers View post →
Hidden
@hiddenstasis · X

@CubaMendez2 @CloudyChef @Autarchitecture @Iamabigail517 @RGC_Comics Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa https://t.co/VVUXjECZ9k https://t.co/Yxez4FWFku

Aug 22, 2019 · 137 followers View post →
Riccardo Bettelli
@Riccardo_Bett · X

Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa https://t.co/mtmmvjGe4R

Mar 21, 2019 · 739 followers View post →