January 2013 PMID 22545843

Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity.

Steven K Kapp, Kristen Gillespie-Lynch, Lauren E Sherman, Ted Hutman

Mentions

98
Peak: 31 in Nov 2023
across 8 sources since Jun 2020

Extended reach

237,864
potential audience

Total likes

323

Video views

42

Mentions per month

Jun 2020 – Nov 2025

Where it's discussed

  • X / Twitter76 posts
  • Facebook12 posts
  • YouTube3 videos
  • News3 articles
  • Bluesky1 posts
  • Instagram1 posts
  • Reddit1 posts
  • Blogs1 articles

AI synopsis

What people are saying

The discussions demonstrate high engagement with the topic, referencing the influential 2013 neurodiversity paper and studies on autism perception, with tone emphasizing both support and critical perspectives; words like 'disappointed' and mentions of 'misrepresentation' reveal a nuanced debate on the article's implications.

AgreementModerate agreement

Most discussions recognize the article's findings, especially around autism being both a difference and a deficit, which aligns with the diverse opinions shared.

InterestHigh interest

Participants show high interest, notably citing the 2013 paper and recent studies, indicating engagement with ongoing research and debates.

EngagementHigh engagement

Posts reference specific concepts like harmless stimming, self-identification, and stigma, suggesting deep engagement beyond surface-level reactions.

ImpactModerate impact

While the discussions acknowledge the influence of the research on awareness and perspectives, the impact appears moderate as it furthers understanding rather than sparking radical change.

Abstract in brief

  • The neurodiversity movement views autism as an inherent part of a person's identity and opposes the medical model, which focuses on finding causes and cures for autism.
  • The survey of 657 people showed that those who identified as autistic or were aware of neurodiversity tended to see autism as a positive aspect of identity that doesn't need to be cured, highlighting a key difference from the medical model.
  • Despite these differences, there is substantial overlap, as many recognize the challenges of autism and support practices that improve quality of life without aiming to eliminate autism entirely, suggesting that autism can be seen as part of human diversity.]

Top posts

Most liked on X and Bluesky
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is associated w/ views aligned w/ it. Paper has helped to spread awareness of autism as a positive identity that needs support, not cure Free https://t.co/dNm0Whp0iG

Nov 18, 2023 · 126 likes · 29 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion highlight that the "autism community" (and neurodiversity movement) viewed disability & difference as a false binary - autism is both. https://t.co/1T1YbfSqEe https://t.co/pOhdazt7hD

Feb 14, 2023 · 98 likes · 29 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Studies have found for 12 yrs autistic adults w/ & w/o official diagnosis have similar levels of autistic traits (eg recently: https://t.co/5Q8Ep8jOgH) & going back to our study (https://t.co/dNm0Whp0iG). Studies have also found *higher* distress in self-diagnosed. More to come!

Feb 11, 2024 · 38 likes · 5 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Movement toward accepting harmless stimming

Apr 5, 2024 · 23 likes · 5 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Here's study referred to

Mar 22, 2024 · 16 likes · 3 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Rocko
@Rocko64_ · X

Oh and to counterpoise the "chemical imbalance" view increasing stigma, the "exacerbated differences" view which I offer here, and of autism specifically, is associated with more positive self-image and less stigma https://t.co/hvJW51eifE

Mar 5, 2024 · 13 likes · 5,048 followers View post →

All mentions

Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

That tweet was a little unclear because of lack of space. The new paper (https://t.co/nxsGbRo3jU) is a sequel to another paper on the topic, published online more than 12 years ago, free here: Deficit, Difference, or Both? Autism and Neurodiversity (https://t.co/BMMBBgnQnp)

Sep 19, 2024 · 7,607 followers View post →
da Vinci NCR Services LLC
@daVinciNCRaba · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Movement toward accepting harmless stimming

Apr 5, 2024 · 5 shares · 36 followers View post →
Szyzygy
@Szyzygy2 · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Movement toward accepting harmless stimming

Apr 5, 2024 · 5 shares · 1,173 followers View post →
Matthew McCallion
@mmccallion95 · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Movement toward accepting harmless stimming

Apr 5, 2024 · 5 shares · 1,041 followers View post →
Elaine Mcgreevy
@ElaineMcgreevy · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Movement toward accepting harmless stimming

Apr 5, 2024 · 5 shares · 4,341 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Movement toward accepting harmless stimming

Apr 5, 2024 · 23 likes · 5 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

@SarahMarieOB Ppl aware of neurodiversity movement are more likely to have views associated w/ it, incl. preference for identity-first language for autism (which autistics prefer beyond awareness). https://t.co/dNm0Whp0iG Indeed, as awareness has gone up, journals have moved in its direction.

Apr 4, 2024 · 3 likes · 7,607 followers View post →
UCLA Tarjan Center
@UCLA_Tarjan · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Here's study referred to

Mar 22, 2024 · 3 shares · 1,529 followers View post →
Lynsey Stewart (she/her)
@lynseymstewart · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Here's study referred to

Mar 22, 2024 · 3 shares · 347 followers View post →
Monique Botha is actually they/them
@DrMBotha · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Here's study referred to

Mar 22, 2024 · 3 shares · 11,552 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Here's study referred to

Mar 22, 2024 · 16 likes · 3 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Rocko
@Rocko64_ · X

Oh and to counterpoise the "chemical imbalance" view increasing stigma, the "exacerbated differences" view which I offer here, and of autism specifically, is associated with more positive self-image and less stigma https://t.co/hvJW51eifE

Mar 5, 2024 · 13 likes · 5,048 followers View post →
Learning Disabilities & Autism at Manchester Met
@LearningMet · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Studies have found for 12 yrs autistic adults w/ & w/o official diagnosis have similar levels of autistic traits (eg rece…

Feb 13, 2024 · 5 shares · 1,824 followers View post →
Nahime G. Aguirre Mtanous, AM, LSW
@nahime · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Studies have found for 12 yrs autistic adults w/ & w/o official diagnosis have similar levels of autistic traits (eg rece…

Feb 11, 2024 · 5 shares · 511 followers View post →
Marianne
@LaSombraSecreta · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Studies have found for 12 yrs autistic adults w/ & w/o official diagnosis have similar levels of autistic traits (eg rece…

Feb 11, 2024 · 5 shares · 223 followers View post →
Nathan Keates
@KeatesResearch · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Studies have found for 12 yrs autistic adults w/ & w/o official diagnosis have similar levels of autistic traits (eg rece…

Feb 11, 2024 · 5 shares · 557 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Studies have found for 12 yrs autistic adults w/ & w/o official diagnosis have similar levels of autistic traits (eg recently: https://t.co/5Q8Ep8jOgH) & going back to our study (https://t.co/dNm0Whp0iG). Studies have also found *higher* distress in self-diagnosed. More to come!

Feb 11, 2024 · 38 likes · 5 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Loreto_lolo
@loretocastrog · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 22, 2023 · 29 shares · 186 followers View post →
Catherine Caldwell-Harris
@CathCharris · X

@drstevenkapp Hi everyone. The researchportal did not take me to a free site for download; but the free site is this one (found via google scholar). https://t.co/QQVxqmyABd

Nov 21, 2023 · 63 followers View post →
Trinity
@flowerofmemory · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 20, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,784 followers View post →
UCLA Tarjan Center
@UCLA_Tarjan · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 20, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,529 followers View post →
Nformed Consulting
@nformedconsult · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 20, 2023 · 29 shares · 26 followers View post →
Dr Karri Gillespie-Smith
@Karri_G_Smith · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,256 followers View post →
Stephanie Weir
@StephanieAWeir · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 312 followers View post →
Sarah Nelson
@sweetsare · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 2,121 followers View post →
Amari Glow & Play
@amariglownplay · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 23 followers View post →
Nicole LeBlanc
@nleblanc12 · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 2,940 followers View post →
Holly Radford
@HRadders · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,068 followers View post →
Ellena Dee
@leggyjelly · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,115 followers View post →
Limbic Noodle (@limbicnoodle.bsky.social)
@LimbicNoodle · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 3,035 followers View post →
a MAN in NEAD
@aMANinNEAD · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 576 followers View post →
Ina Steinthorsdottir
@InaSteinthorsd · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 20 followers View post →
Lisa Richardson
@LisaR_Psy · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,583 followers View post →
柚原橙子
@toukorina · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 7,366 followers View post →
kaveinology
@kaveinthran · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,111 followers View post →
GRRAND
@grrand_team · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,694 followers View post →
mk
@midoorik · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 206 followers View post →
Elaine Mcgreevy
@ElaineMcgreevy · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 4,341 followers View post →
Ava Gurba (she/her)
@Ava_Nicole23 · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 2,252 followers View post →
Therapist Neurodiversity Collective
@therapist_ndc · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,094 followers View post →
Fiona O'Neill
@Fi_Contextual · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 4,685 followers View post →
schooht
@schooht · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 79 followers View post →
Zoey G.
@zoeyag · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 393 followers View post →
Mila
@SaltyAutie · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 18, 2023 · 29 shares · 188 followers View post →
Karen Krainz Edison
@EdisonKrainz · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 18, 2023 · 29 shares · 520 followers View post →
Don Richardson
@Don_Richardson · X

RT @drstevenkapp: Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is ass…

Nov 18, 2023 · 29 shares · 2,014 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

Humbled 2013 neurodiversity paper has 1000 citations & is gathering steam! As paper says, neurodiversity awareness is associated w/ views aligned w/ it. Paper has helped to spread awareness of autism as a positive identity that needs support, not cure Free https://t.co/dNm0Whp0iG

Nov 18, 2023 · 126 likes · 29 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Meghan Wilson Duff
@mwduff.bsky.social · Bluesky

Kapp SK, Gillespie-Lynch K, Sherman LE, Hutman T. Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity. Dev Psychol. 2013;49(1):59. is the citation Amy Pearson and Kieran Rose in papers on masking and the book too.

Nov 14, 2023 · 3 likes · 1 share View post →
Dr Karri Gillespie-Smith
@Karri_G_Smith · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 19, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,256 followers View post →
Therapist Neurodiversity Collective
@therapist_ndc · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 16, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,094 followers View post →
(((Liz Ditz))). Mask up, y'all. Viruses are real.
@lizditz · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 16, 2023 · 29 shares · 10,468 followers View post →
Sue Fletcher-Watson
@SueReviews · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 16, 2023 · 29 shares · 13,141 followers View post →
Siu Kit YEUNG
@siukityeung_res · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 16, 2023 · 29 shares · 568 followers View post →
ass burger
@carrotbabey · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 15, 2023 · 29 shares · 106 followers View post →
Morénike Giwa Onaiwu, PhD (she/they)
@MorenikeGO · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 15, 2023 · 29 shares · 6,350 followers View post →
Rachel Rivera
@PsyRachelRivera · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 15, 2023 · 29 shares · 3,373 followers View post →
Farah Abdulrahman
@FarahPsych · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 15, 2023 · 29 shares · 51 followers View post →
Leanne Chrisostomou
@L_Chrisostomou · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 412 followers View post →
Nem Kearns
@NemKearns · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 578 followers View post →
S.
@E_c_h_o · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,395 followers View post →
ABA PBS Autism Controversy
@abaukdiscussion · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 3,109 followers View post →
Proserpinae
@kgillyn · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 652 followers View post →
gallarway@tw1tterdotcom
@gallarway · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 751 followers View post →
Tamara Kalandadze
@t_kalandadze · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,356 followers View post →
Andrew Hundt
@athundt · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,248 followers View post →
Erin Ekins (she/her)
@QueerlyAutistic · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 18,909 followers View post →
Jade Eloise Norris
@jadenozzz · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 10,088 followers View post →
Holly Radford
@HRadders · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,068 followers View post →
Monique Botha is actually they/them
@DrMBotha · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 11,552 followers View post →
hondacivicduty
@THEamberadams · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 1,830 followers View post →
Kristen Bottema-Beutel
@KristenBott · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 4,564 followers View post →
Elaine Mcgreevy
@ElaineMcgreevy · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 4,341 followers View post →
Noah Sasson
@Noahsasson · X

RT @drstevenkapp: I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion…

Feb 14, 2023 · 29 shares · 3,591 followers View post →
Steven Kapp
@drstevenkapp · X

I am disappointed @kgillyn's & my research continues to be divisively misrepresented. Our title, results, and discussion highlight that the "autism community" (and neurodiversity movement) viewed disability & difference as a false binary - autism is both. https://t.co/1T1YbfSqEe https://t.co/pOhdazt7hD

Feb 14, 2023 · 98 likes · 29 shares · 7,607 followers View post →
Foundations for Divergent Minds
@FDMorg · X

This further highlights the difference between the medical model and the neurodiversity movement. To learn more click here: https://t.co/yR5HUOBvru Content Warning: use of ableist language #research #study (3/3)

Oct 19, 2022 · 1 like · 768 followers View post →
Miguel Lois
@mlmlois · X

@Autismo_Espana https://t.co/evtz6ZJUor Deficit, difference, or both? Autism and neurodiversity (Kapp et al., 2013)

Aug 6, 2022 · 1 like · 1,253 followers View post →
Dr Becky Wood
@thewoodbug · X

@SueReviews @R_J_Chapman This is an interesting article by @drstevenkapp & others. https://t.co/FYxBBkMxqm

Jan 2, 2021 · 1 like · 5,443 followers View post →
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Autism and neurodiversity. Dev Psychol. 2013 Jan;49(1):59-71. doi: 10.1037/a0028353. Epub 2012 Apr 30. PMID: 22545843. Kapp ...

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org/10.1037/a0028353 A summary of the nuances of the neurodiversity movement as an intersection of both the social and medical models ...

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