Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning.

Murat Onen, Nicolas Emond, Baoming Wang, Difei Zhang, Frances M Ross, Ju Li, Bilge Yildiz, Jesús A Del Alamo

July 2022 Science

Synopsis of Social media discussions

The discussions highlight an array of opinions and sentiments regarding the research, with phrases such as 'Awesome and terrifying at the same time' and 'Future of AI?' demonstrating excitement but also apprehension about the potential implications of these technologies. Users also compare the speed of these programmable resistors to biological processes, saying they are '10,000 times faster' and celebrating the breakthrough's potential to transform AI hardware. The tone often blends enthusiasm and concern, reflecting a complex sentiment towards the fusion of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.

A
Agreement
 Moderate agreement

A majority of discussions reflect a positive view of the publication, indicating moderate agreement with its findings.

I
Interest
 High level of interest

Posts indicate high curiosity and relevance surrounding the advancements in programmable resistors and their implications for deep learning.

E
Engagement
 Moderate level of engagement

While many users show some engagement, most interactions range from sharing links to brief insights, suggesting a moderate depth of discussion.

I
Impact
 High level of impact

There is a strong belief that this research has significant potential to influence future technologies in AI, with many expressing awe at the implications.

Social Mentions

YouTube

2 Videos

Twitter

91 Posts

Blogs

11 Articles

News

60 Articles

Metrics

Video Views

500

Total Likes

282

Extended Reach

9,440,158

Social Features

164

Timeline: Posts about article

Top Social Media Posts

Posts referencing the article

Advancements in Protonic Resistors for AI Computation

Advancements in Protonic Resistors for AI Computation

MIT researchers have made strides in developing nanoscale ionic programmable resistors that potentially offer faster operation than biological neurons. These silicon-compatible devices enable rapid control of proton movement at room temperature, promising improvements in AI computation efficiency.

The Neuro-Network

September 1, 2022

465 views

Advancements in mRNA Vaccines and Nanosecond Protonic Resistors

Advancements in mRNA Vaccines and Nanosecond Protonic Resistors

This week sees a lot of medical news, including developments in mRNA vaccines and new antibiotic approaches. Significantly, new nanoscale ionic programmable resistors are created for faster analog deep learning, demonstrating efficient modulation of conductance.

Igor and Frankenstein

August 20, 2022

35 views

  • (Light Bringer) + (Black in German)
    @CosmicInglewood (Twitter)

    Onen, Murat; Emond, Nicolas; Wang, Baoming; Zhang, Difei; Ross, Frances M.; Li, Ju; Yildiz, Bilge; del Alamo, Jesús A. (29 July 2022). "Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning" (PDF). Science. 377 (6605): 539–543. doi:10.1126/science.abp8064.
    view full post

    September 19, 2024

    1

  • Memia
    @memialabs (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning | Science https://t.co/Hzzg9F1bvY
    view full post

    August 3, 2024

  • Rob Cain
    @cain_rob (Twitter)

    @futurism the actual 2022 paper here: https://t.co/vQyhVu2fo7
    view full post

    August 3, 2024

  • Mustafa Işık
    @ISIK_MUSTAFA (Twitter)

    İyonik snaps, analog #derinöğrenme, Analog #DeepLearning: Nanosecond #protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/DhQhQj6qXZ
    view full post

    August 3, 2024

    1

  • Dai Miyamoto
    @DaiMiyamoto1109 (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning | Science https://t.co/sDEYRWdjfZ
    view full post

    May 17, 2024

  • しばば
    @bashibaba2 (Twitter)

    なんか、アナログ・ディープラーニングなるものがあるらしい、！、！、！ Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning | Science https://t.co/jX3etvnuBC
    view full post

    February 7, 2024

  • aaron - /acc of some sort
    @stevenson408 (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/sFtifepqxa
    view full post

    November 16, 2023

  • James Torre
    @jpt401 (Twitter)

    RT @punishdtriangls: Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning | Science https://t.co/HI1DxK66Dj
    view full post

    July 12, 2023

    1

  • ∤∤∤∤∤
    @punishdtriangls (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning | Science https://t.co/HI1DxK66Dj
    view full post

    July 12, 2023

    1

  • Teortaxes▶️ (DeepSeek 推特
    @teortaxesTex (Twitter)

    @hamandcheese @PaleoAutist It's so handwavy as to be meaningless, but if we're a little charitable, something similar in effect could happen with substrate shifts, and earlier. E.g. moving from transistors to https://t.co/X9eNF6oJOh personally I think a person's brain is equal to ~2,5 H100s tho
    view full post

    May 28, 2023

    1

  • Science Society
    @ScienceSociety8 (Twitter)

    https://t.co/W2oZXzqTXw with Murat Onen https://t.co/iPJroP1f8e
    view full post

    September 16, 2022

  • Catarina Cunha
    @clemoscatarina (Twitter)

    https://t.co/rthQ0LuKPb Speaking with Murat Onen https://t.co/R51fOCPOhP
    view full post

    September 16, 2022

    1

  • Catarina Cunha
    @clemoscatarina (Twitter)

    @ScienceSociety8 @wonderactionv @SerenaM17009865 @frankschoschka @Clubhouse https://t.co/rthQ0LviEJ
    view full post

    September 16, 2022

  • Gianlink
    @GianLink (Twitter)

    @neurosock @RockinRedSF @Not_Elm0 @omarnomad @RyanTanaka3 @seeingwithsound @AntonioLozanoDL By @MIT https://t.co/7xwLf2JghL
    view full post

    September 13, 2022

    2

  • Kuba
    @kubanetics (Twitter)

    RT @moreisdifferent: Awesome and terrifying at the same time: "Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning" http…
    view full post

    August 18, 2022

    2

  • M1Κ4_3L
    @M1K4_3L (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning Future of #AI? https://t.co/fDIGsttu6j
    view full post

    August 17, 2022

    1

  • Cody Fenwick
    @codytfenwick (Twitter)

    RT @moreisdifferent: Awesome and terrifying at the same time: "Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning" http…
    view full post

    August 17, 2022

    2

  • Dan Elton
    @moreisdifferent (Twitter)

    Awesome and terrifying at the same time: "Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning" https://t.co/tLb6cRkJhH It's basically proven at this point that hardware breakthroughs are guaranteed to accelerate AI progress..
    view full post

    August 17, 2022

    4

    2

  • Brent Segal
    @bsegal73 (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning | Science https://t.co/Eq81R1nIcw
    view full post

    August 11, 2022

  • SG
    @719AbcXyz (Twitter)

    https://t.co/oeNY3kt5ln
    view full post

    August 11, 2022

  • Aliasghar Honarmand | علی اصغر هنرمند
    @aahonarmand (Twitter)

    منابع و اطلاعات بیشتر: https://t.co/uxzN3oRuEX https://t.co/1RCIzTIB0O ضمنا اگر می‌خواهید بدانید چرا مدل آنالوگ نسبت به دیجیتال بهینه‌تر عمل می‌کند این ویدیو را ببینید: ۶/۶ https://t.co/MLhhe6oPBs
    view full post

    August 10, 2022

    56

  • ed
    @edimoldovan (Twitter)

    10,000 times faster speed of thought compared to animals—The speed of biological information processing in neurons and synapses is limited by the aqueous medium through which weak action potentials of about 100 millivolts propagate…https://t.co/p35RtTx4A9 https://t.co/bwHLnQDzrg
    view full post

    August 10, 2022

  • 金森重樹@ダイエットonlineサロン
    @ShigekiKanamori (Twitter)

    人工シナプス 生物学的なものの1/1000のナノスケールで金属酸化物半導体互換材料で作られる 速度は生物学的シナプスの10000倍高速 天神＝雷神 通りゃんせ　通りゃんせ ここはどこの　細道じゃ 天神さまの細道じゃ 勿論注射針は余裕で通ります PEGでBBB突破だね https://t.co/7fbSKo2RGz
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    9

  • DavidSan Riveros
    @20usdave (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • henrry
    @henrry46273498 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Dorkicles of Oregon
    @RevelansMentis (Twitter)

    This is a pretty cool bit of neuromorphic hardware, trying to replicate the chemical process of neurons but smaller and faster. https://t.co/AGz6BJeahh
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

  • Angela Barnett
    @Angela_Biochem (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Martin Henderson
    @Hazykush4200 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Marcella
    @Mella12597571 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Task Force On American Innovation
    @InnovTaskForce (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Wiranda Technology
    @wiranda_tech (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Jason Mullikin
    @jason_mullikin (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Terry Hébert
    @THebertMcGill (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Pepe
    @Pepe_natbio (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Leo
    @Leo25205678 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • sa
    @asvas (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Organoid Intelligence
    @Wallnut81846648 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Simon Bulgacs
    @SPBASS1 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Igor Pener
    @igorpener (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Jordan R. Hansford
    @auscancadoc (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • W.E.P.S.Y.
    @_WEPSY_ (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Siyawaka
    @siyawaka_handz (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • خرمگس
    @no31415 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Stephan Roche
    @StephanSroche (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Paul Reece Ham⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
    @PaulReeceHam (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Joh
    @JumaHamisi123 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • peter lv
    @peterlvwu (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Nature Nanotechnology
    @NatureNano (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • mstdn.social/@KayNelson
    @Kay4BlueTexas (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • RonenJacovi
    @RJacovi (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • valentinavanovac RE9
    @valentinavanov3 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Dieter
    @Wuhle (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Libert Nicolas
    @dr_Libert_N (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Dr.med. Bernd Kynast
    @DrKynast (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Victor Flores
    @vfloresb21 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • sciencenews
    @Scieducation1 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • syawal™ シ
    @syawal (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Michal Pisa ⚡
    @MichalPisa_ (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Eliyahu
    @RosenthalEllery (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Thomas N. Sato
    @island1005tns (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Steppenwolf
    @ghotar (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Toughbutfair
    @Toughbutfair2 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Porecomesis
    @Porecomesis (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    49

  • Science Magazine
    @ScienceMagazine (Twitter)

    A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 times smaller—and 10,000 times faster—than biological synapses, researchers report in Science. Learn more: https://t.co/22bU1rGxkG https://t.co/RANAhPGaNj
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    134

    49

  • Vitor Santos
    @jornalistavitor (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 8, 2022

    22

  • ぬん。
    @amasawa_seiji (Twitter)

    /Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning | Science https://t.co/U8y4ABZq9F
    view full post

    August 7, 2022

  • Ryan Conklin, MD
    @ryanconklin14 (Twitter)

    @elonmusk https://t.co/ruYBwZDuQV
    view full post

    August 5, 2022

  • Mauro Loi
    @isteddos (Twitter)

    Artificial brain incoming?
    view full post

    August 4, 2022

  • Max Pinheiro Jr
    @max_jr (Twitter)

    #DeepLearning https://t.co/Ys4P96kX6V
    view full post

    August 4, 2022

  • Houcemeddine Turki
    @Csisc1994 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • Stefan W
    @StefanW54906562 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • Singularity Sunrise
    @SingularitySun (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • MuktiM
    @MuktiM10 (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • Kaiser Matin
    @kaisermatin (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • Chandrakanth R
    @ChanDunMyselF (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • RedFrog
    @_RedFrog (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • Fonseca
    @RZbycho (Twitter)

    RT @ScienceMagazine: A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 time…
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    22

  • Science Magazine
    @ScienceMagazine (Twitter)

    A new approach to nanoscale ionic programmable resistor design enables artificial “synapses” that are up to 1,000 times smaller—and 10,000 times faster—than biological synapses, researchers report in Science. Learn more: https://t.co/22bU1rGxkG https://t.co/b32y0fRSYw
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

    68

    22

  • Walter Ikamba
    @WWleros (Twitter)

    https://t.co/Igz2GSZ66A
    view full post

    August 3, 2022

  • Salil
    @salilkallianpur (Twitter)

    Scientists at MIT claim to have successfully created analog synapses that are one million times faster than those in our human brains. https://t.co/TltuaNN8Wd
    view full post

    August 2, 2022

    1

  • Theta Global
    @ThetaGlobal1 (Twitter)

    https://t.co/t9GZAeQs3U
    view full post

    August 1, 2022

  • Daniel Marchel
    @DanielMarchel_ (Twitter)

    #Nanosecond #protonic #programmable resistors for analog #deep #learning. #ai #neuromorphic https://t.co/RfQd1kSg88
    view full post

    August 1, 2022

  • DO ENGINEERING
    @doengineering (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/L55Uo453YV
    view full post

    August 1, 2022

  • Igor Alvarado
    @ialvarad (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/CjCunPrieg
    view full post

    August 1, 2022

  • Chip Kent
    @chip_kent (Twitter)

    https://t.co/GCQEq2oMVB
    view full post

    July 31, 2022

  • Aderlieste
    @Mynameistekkno (Twitter)

    RT @DNA_Nanotech: Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/FkzUhM1P4J https://t.co/dUlr9zR786
    view full post

    July 30, 2022

    1

  • Yoel Ohayon
    @DNA_Nanotech (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/FkzUhM1P4J https://t.co/dUlr9zR786
    view full post

    July 30, 2022

    1

    1

  • Carlos R. Ferreira
    @carlosrof (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/kHmFWAktHX
    view full post

    July 29, 2022

  • Yastrebov Oleg
    @YastrebovOleg (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/WgQs74gWSt
    view full post

    July 29, 2022

    2

  • Vrancisca ZEITELHUBA
    @VranciscaZ (Twitter)

    Nanosecond protonic programmable resistors for analog deep learning https://t.co/MNJ9YGLvx0
    view full post

    July 29, 2022

  • サイエンスあれこれ
    @sarekore (Twitter)

    ワークを迅速にトレーニングできるアナログ深層学習システムを可能にします。このデバイスの動作メカニズムは、最小のイオンであるプロトンを電気化学的に絶縁性の酸化物（二酸化ケイ素）に挿入して、その電子伝導性を変化させます。Science誌https://t.co/CVWXUMO30X
    view full post

    July 29, 2022

Abstract Synopsis

  • Nanoscale ionic programmable resistors are significantly smaller than biological cells and have potential for faster operation compared to neurons, although their exact speed is still undetermined.
  • The study focused on creating silicon-compatible protonic programmable resistors that work effectively under extreme electric fields, enabling rapid control of proton movement in nanoseconds at room temperature.
  • These devices demonstrated efficient and reversible modulation of conductance with a 20-fold dynamic range, suggesting they could outperform biological synapses in terms of space, time, and energy efficiency.