Spinal cord injury: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.

Abstract in brief

• Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe condition with high disability rates, and repairing it is challenging due to complex pathological mechanisms and neural regeneration difficulties in the central nervous system.
• Recent research has uncovered new mechanisms involving the interaction between immune and neural cells, thanks to advanced techniques like single-cell sequencing, leading to a focus on forming neural networks and circuit reconstruction rather than just axon growth.
• Advances in bioactive materials, stem cell therapies, and physical stimulation methods such as electromagnetic and ultrasound technologies are progressing toward clinical trials, with some already used in treatments, guiding future directions for SCI repair and therapy.