The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates.

William Costello, Joe Whittaker, Andrew G Thomas

May 2025 Arch Sex Behav

Synopsis of Social media discussions

The discussions balance recognition of the study's importance, with participants referencing aspects like experiences of bullying and personality traits to highlight the dual pathways leading to harmful attitudes. The tone varies from curious to somewhat skeptical, demonstrating moderate in-depth engagement and awareness of the study’s relevance.

A
Agreement
 Neither agree nor disagree

Most discussions acknowledge the study's findings, but some question the interpretation of the data, leading to a neutral score.

I
Interest
 Moderate level of interest

Participants exhibit some curiosity, especially regarding the dual pathways and their implications, but overall engagement remains moderate.

E
Engagement
 High engagement

Many comments reference specific concepts from the publication, such as mental health and personality traits, indicating deeper consideration.

I
Impact
 Moderate level of impact

The focus on the article's significance suggests recognition of its potential influence on understanding problematic beliefs among incels, though the overall impact is still emerging.

Social Mentions

YouTube

4 Videos

Bluesky

1 Posts

Facebook

1 Posts

Twitter

55 Posts

TikTok

7 Posts

Blogs

1 Articles

News

2 Articles

Reddit

43 Posts

Metrics

Video Views

24,741

Total Likes

1,115

Extended Reach

617,449

Social Features

114

Timeline: Posts about article

Top Social Media Posts

Posts referencing the article

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September 21, 2025

368 views

Understanding Incels: Mental Health, Ideology, and Modern Trends

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Justin Lehmiller

May 23, 2025

236 views

Understanding the Modern Masculine Experience and Incel Harm Hypotheses

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This video discusses the modern masculine experience, mental health, ideological beliefs, and their impact on harmful attitudes among incels. It highlights the Dual Pathways Hypothesis, emphasizing targeted interventions such as therapy and role modeling.

Brain Sooop

September 6, 2025

141 views


  • @TheYcOrg (Twitter)

    @uhhidkbruh00 @ax_angelo You do realise that according to Swansea University and University of Texas at Austin, the Incel Community is politically centre-left? https://t.co/KNIFD14W9p
    view full post

    November 28, 2025

    10

  • dffd
    @dffd94345519 (Twitter)

    @yasu_miiii @zuntolious19574 @refractiveecho @mwaba_ben stop with this bullshit, jesus christ read something outside your bubble most incels are in fact not right wing https://t.co/9FAecU33VD https://t.co/6DaRgklrXq
    view full post

    October 12, 2025

    1

  • dffd
    @dffd94345519 (Twitter)

    @refractiveecho @zuntolious19574 @mwaba_ben most incels are not right wing btw https://t.co/9FAecU33VD https://t.co/A2xFT4nXeT
    view full post

    October 12, 2025

  • LordOfTheBalance
    @LordOfBalance (Twitter)

    @CostelloWilliam This you, @CostelloWilliam? https://t.co/jkEXkIhHRP
    view full post

    October 10, 2025

  • Ana Carolina Hardt
    @anahardt (Twitter)

    @Scomparin_Pedro @Psiquiatripa https://t.co/yOx09K3PTd Pra quem tbm quiser!
    view full post

    September 29, 2025

    1

  • Inocencio Espíndola
    @InocencioEspnd1 (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 28, 2025

    8

  • Gubes
    @Gubesal (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 28, 2025

    8

  • Canelidus
    @alejand69881181 (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 28, 2025

    8

  • Macario Schettino
    @macariomx (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 28, 2025

    8

  • Vale Villa G
    @valevillag (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 28, 2025

    8

  • Güilsön
    @A_Guilson_K (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 27, 2025

    8

  • Finisher
    @NanckyQueen (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 26, 2025

    8

  • Raul Corro
    @ANABLANDAN (Twitter)

    RT @valevillag: The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives…
    view full post

    September 26, 2025

    8

  • Vale Villa G
    @valevillag (Twitter)

    The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates | Archives of Sexual Behavior https://t.co/hj52E1JMN5
    view full post

    September 26, 2025

    15

    8


  • @AlleriaWindrun8 (Twitter)

    RT @NuevasMascMX: Fuente: Costello, W., Whittaker, J. & Thomas, A.G. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitud…
    view full post

    September 25, 2025

    1

  • Ulises Figueroa
    @NuevasMascMX (Twitter)

    Fuente: Costello, W., Whittaker, J. & Thomas, A.G. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates. Arch Sex Behav 54, 1815–1836 (2025). https://t.co/AOYqaTAp5N
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    September 25, 2025

    1

    1

  • гейоргия забыли | 169 см | мпрег | какого он роста
    @feikcel (Twitter)

    RT @blaire_18_: Однако видео https://t.co/VByNQx2WSp Я вложила немало сил и времени, надеюсь, результат будет соответсвовать Ес честно,я оп…
    view full post

    September 21, 2025

    1

  • blaire_18
    @blaire_18_ (Twitter)

    Однако видео https://t.co/VByNQx2WSp Я вложила немало сил и времени, надеюсь, результат будет соответсвовать Ес честно,я опять потеряла всю работоспособность на дне эмоциональной ямы, так шо смотрите комментируйте, а я постараюсь вылезти из этого и еще чет снять интересное
    view full post

    September 21, 2025

    11

    1

  • お茶柱／心理学のべレスク
    @otea_stalk (Twitter)

    なぜインセルに目覚めるのか？ インセルを自認する561人を調査 約3分の1が中から重度の抑うつや不安を報告 自閉症や幼少期のトラウマも報告 主な経路は2つ ・サイコパシーやナルシシズムが高く右翼的 ・自閉症やいじめ経験、自己評価の低さ https://t.co/M6hwqkfo5v
    view full post

    August 13, 2025

  • Atroe Cious
    @Atroe_Cious (Twitter)

    @IncelistaniMerc @Faltcel @madnessday2018 @isukecchi @frozenaesthetic Like the link I posted higher up in this thread? Here's the study, which was linked in the first paragraph of the article https://t.co/6FLjP82vDx
    view full post

    August 8, 2025

  • Dr Robin Hadley
    @RobinHadley1 (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
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    July 12, 2025

    14


  • @cristorey1492 (Twitter)

    @HaterFoid This is demeaning to incel brothers in this community. Gynocentric research meant to discriminate against us shows this. Even our enemies know what we are. https://t.co/y7O2caQfjS https://t.co/xyWsAOIH6q
    view full post

    July 2, 2025

  • Nishad Mukherjee
    @NishadMukherjee (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
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    June 30, 2025

    14

  • William Costello
    @CostelloWilliam (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
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    June 18, 2025

    14

  • Fonald Fuck
    @StefSpA_ (Twitter)

    @TheNiuton @Ilpolverone O anche questo. Ma in generale tutto il canale. È un ottimo divulgatore su questi temi, e ha tutto l'equilibrio nell'esporli necessario per non doversi definire "satirico". https://t.co/Chj4YOotNR
    view full post

    June 13, 2025

  • 中島所長
    @raptor_notice (Twitter)

    https://t.co/7TZxtoaXFb
    view full post

    June 13, 2025

    1

  • яυ∂σℓƒ ӄʋíʐ
    @mordieu (Twitter)

    radikalizují se skrze online komunity a diskuzní fóra, které jim nabídnou „vysvětlení“ jejich situace a pocit sounáležitosti. Celá studie je ke stažení tady https://t.co/YRJaOWPCby
    view full post

    June 10, 2025

    4

  • Hmmm...
    @HmmmNiceee (Twitter)

    A new study finds two main routes drive incels to harmful beliefs: one shaped by pain from bullying and poor mental health, the other by anger, control, and extreme ideas. Feelings and beliefs mattered more than time spent online. https://t.co/6ipnMWwGDF
    view full post

    June 5, 2025

  • Juan Esteban Duarte Ortiz
    @Estebandankaito (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    June 4, 2025

    9


  • @bateira_milk (Twitter)

    「インセルはメンタルヘルスの悪化や自殺企図、自閉症の特徴があったよ」って研究。 要は「自閉症はコミュ力の低さからロマンティックな文脈で異性と上手く関われず、結果としてインセルになってしまう」ってのが１つのルートのようだ。 https://t.co/nE789iJRCu
    view full post

    June 1, 2025

    1

  • ＰＪ
    @depeche1999 (Twitter)

    RT @r60369820: 「(1) 自閉傾向、低い性的魅力、いじめや虐待の経験といった「経験的な脆弱性」に基づく経路、(2) ダーク・トライアド（マキャヴェリズム、サイコパシー、ナルシシズム）や右派的政治傾向といった「性格的特性」に基づく「二重経路仮説」が提案されました。」…
    view full post

    May 26, 2025

    1

  • おじさん
    @r60369820 (Twitter)

    「(1) 自閉傾向、低い性的魅力、いじめや虐待の経験といった「経験的な脆弱性」に基づく経路、(2) ダーク・トライアド（マキャヴェリズム、サイコパシー、ナルシシズム）や右派的政治傾向といった「性格的特性」に基づく「二重経路仮説」が提案されました。」https://t.co/oN7NPhHAHs
    view full post

    May 23, 2025

    2

    1

  • Ryan Bach
    @gemcitychico (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
    view full post

    May 23, 2025

    14

  • Mestrando Zinho
    @ZinhoFFz (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    9

  • Mariana Fernández
    @MarianaBoyso (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    14

  • Barbarian Horde of One (Peformance Art)
    @B_Barbarian (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    9

  • Lea
    @tris1327 (Twitter)

    RT @TaniaAMarshall: Incels: “two distinct indirect pathways to harmful attitudes & beliefs among incels: experiential vulnerabilities (e.g.…
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    3

  • Pyzimir
    @pyzimir (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    14

  • Marjorie Hutchins
    @leakylike (Twitter)

    RT @TaniaAMarshall: Incels: “two distinct indirect pathways to harmful attitudes & beliefs among incels: experiential vulnerabilities (e.g.…
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    3

  • morven
    @virtuallyearth (Twitter)

    RT @TaniaAMarshall: Incels: “two distinct indirect pathways to harmful attitudes & beliefs among incels: experiential vulnerabilities (e.g.…
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    3

  • Tania Marshall
    @TaniaAMarshall (Twitter)

    Incels: “two distinct indirect pathways to harmful attitudes & beliefs among incels: experiential vulnerabilities (e.g. Autism traits, low mate value, histories of bullying abuse) & dispositional traits (e.g. dark triad & right-wing political orientation)” https://t.co/7GYrEV4qVZ
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    1

    3

  • Paul Whiteley
    @PaulWhiteleyPhD (Twitter)

    The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates https://t.co/sQXokzTehK Increasingly important topic.
    view full post

    May 22, 2025


  • @KaylaKatin (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
    view full post

    May 22, 2025

    14

  • Elias Acevedo
    @Lucidly_Elias (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
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    May 21, 2025

    14

  • rashawn brown
    @rashawnbrown9 (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    14

  • Dean
    @WDRNGTNIA (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    14

  • Mumia Obsidian Ali
    @ObsidianFiles (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    14

  • William Costello
    @williamcostello.bsky.social (Bluesky)


    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    1

    2

  • Andrew G. Thomas
    @DrThomasAG (Twitter)

    RT @CostelloWilliam:
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    May 21, 2025

    14

  • William Costello
    @CostelloWilliam (Twitter)


    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    46

    14

  • rashawn brown
    @rashawnbrown9 (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    9

  • TwitTwat
    @boringbunny (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    9

  • Immy Harrison
    @immyyharrison (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    9

  • Graham Holloway, MACP.
    @GhollowayMA94 (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    9

  • William Costello
    @CostelloWilliam (Twitter)

    RT @DrThomasAG: Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel…
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

    9

  • Andrew G. Thomas
    @DrThomasAG (Twitter)

    Our latest has just been published, open access, in the archives of sexual behavior. The Dual Pathways Hypothesis of Incel Harm: A Model of Harmful Attitudes and Beliefs Among Involuntary Celibates w/ @CostelloWilliam and @CTProject_JW https://t.co/n5l4QwrwSM
    view full post

    May 21, 2025

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    99 votes, 40 comments. Então 最近有份關於Incels 的研究出來了https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y 大概訪問了561 個 ...
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    99 votes, 40 comments. Então Satu kajian terkini keluar pasal Incels https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Lebih ...
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    September 1, 2025

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  • Miten käsitellä incel-tyyppejä ja red pill -juttuja? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. No niin Uusi tutkimus incel-ilmiöstä julkaistiin https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Noin ...
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    September 1, 2025

    Reddit

  • Hogy bánjunk az incellekkel és a red pill-esekkel? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. Szóval Kijött egy friss tanulmány az Incellekről https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y ...
    view full post

    September 1, 2025

    Reddit

  • Jak se vypořádat s incely a red pills? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. Takže Vyšel nedávný výzkum o Incels https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Zhruba 561 mužů z ...
    view full post

    September 1, 2025

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  • Hur hanterar man incels och red pills? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. Så Det kom en ny studie om Incels https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Ungefär 561 män från…
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    September 1, 2025

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  • Como lidar com incels e red pills? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 39 comments. Então Il y a eu une étude récente sur les Incels https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Environ ...
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    September 1, 2025

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  • Πώς να τα βγάλεις πέρα με incels και red pills; : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. Λοιπόν Βγήκε μια πρόσφατη μελέτη για τους Incels https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Περίπου ...
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  • Come affrontare gli incel e le red pill? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. Allora È uscito un recente studio sugli Incels https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Più o ...
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  • Paano haharapin ang mga incels at red pills? : r/brasil

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    September 1, 2025

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  • Kako se nositi sa incelima i red pills? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. Dakle Izašla je nedavna studija o Incelima https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y Otprilike 561 ...
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    September 1, 2025

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  • इंकल्स और रेड पिल्स से कैसे निपटें? : r/brasil

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    September 1, 2025

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  • Làm sao để đối phó với incels và red pills? : r/brasil

    99 votes, 40 comments. Então Một nghiên cứu gần đây đã được công bố về Incels https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10508-025-03161-y ...
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  • r/BlackPillScience

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    March 26, 2018

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Abstract Synopsis

  • The study explores how harmful attitudes among incels are influenced by mental health issues and ideological beliefs, highlighting that these factors are stronger predictors of harm than online networking alone.
  • It proposes the Dual Pathways Hypothesis, suggesting two main routes to incel harm: one involving personal vulnerabilities like low self-esteem and past trauma, and another based on personality traits such as dark triad characteristics and right-wing views.
  • The research emphasizes that interventions focusing on mental health support and ideological change may be more effective than just addressing online communities, with suggestions like therapy and role modeling from former incels for prevention.